State Automobile License Renewal Case Essay Example for Free

State Automobile License Renewal Case Essay One dozen size request: In this circumstance, the bottleneck is â€Å"setting up the broiler and baking†, which takes 10 minutes to complete this procedure. In this way, the Cycle Time (CT) is 10 minutes. The Kristen’s treat organization can complete the initial dozen following 26 minutes, at that point Kristen and her flat mate can finish each request per 10 minutes. 4 hours=240 minutes. (240-26)/10=21.4, and 21.4+1=22.4. As per the conditions over, the organization could take care of 22 requests each night. Two dozen size request: In this circumstance, the CT becomes 20 minutes. The organization completed the primary request following 36 minutes, at that point they could finish each request in at regular intervals. 4 hours=240 minutes. (240-36)/20=10.2, and 10.2+1=11.2. As per the conditions over the organization could satisfy 11 requests each night. Three dozen size request: In this circumstance, the CT becomes 30 minutes. The organization completed the principal request following 46 minutes, at that point they could completeâ each request in at regular intervals. (240-46)/30=6.5, and 6.5+1=7.5 According to the conditions over the organization could satisfy 7 requests each night. Since they have 14 minutes left in the wake of completing each of the 7 sets of three dozen size, they could make twelve treat for a one dozen size request. Q3. Time Kristen Kristen’s Roommate One dozen size request 8 minutes 4 minutes Two dozen size request 10 minutes 8 minutes Three dozen size request 12 minutes 12 minutes Table 3.1 the Summary of Time That Kristen and Her Roommate Will Take One dozen size request: Kristen does the procedure of â€Å"washing mixing† (6 minutes) and one â€Å"dishing up† (2 minutes). The thoroughly esteem time of Kristen is 8 minutes. Kristen’s flat mate does the procedure of â€Å"setting up† (1 moment), â€Å"packing† (2 minutes) and â€Å"accept Payment† (1 moment). So her all out time included is 4 minutes Two dozen size request: Because the â€Å"washing mixing† step takes same time paying little mind to what number of treats are being made in the cluster. The worth time of Kristen comprises of â€Å"washing mixing† (6 minutes) and two â€Å"dishing up† (2 minutes). In this way, the complete worth time of Kristen is 10 minutes. The complete worth time of Kristen’s flat mate comprises of two â€Å"setting up† (1minutes), two â€Å"packing† (2 minutes) and two â€Å"accept Payment† (1 moment). So her complete worth time included is 8 minutes. Three dozen size request: The â€Å"washing mixing† continues as before, which takesâ 6 minutes. So Kristen’s esteem time comprises of â€Å"washing mixing† (6 minutes) and three â€Å"dishing up† (2 minutes). Along these lines, the all out worth time of Kristen is 12 minutes. The complete worth time of Kristen’s flat mate comprises of three â€Å"setting up† (1minutes), three â€Å"packing† (2 minutes) and three â€Å"accept Payment† (1 moment). So her absolute worth time included is 12 minutes. Q4 Suspicions of this inquiry: 1. The estimation of Kristen and her roommate’s time is $20/hour per individual. 2. The edge of Kristen’s treat organization is 27.7%. 3. The rebate that Kristen will give originates from half of the sparing. On the off chance that Kristen and her flat mate simply make one dozen treats, the absolute cost will be the total of fixings cost, bundle cost and worth time cost. At that point it will be: 0.6 + 0.1 + 20*0.2 = 4.7 (fixing cost) (bundle cost) (esteem time cost) Because the edge of one dozen treats is 27.7%, at that point the cost ought to be 4.7*27.7%≈6 dollars. Thus, typical cost of a two dozen size request ought to be 12 dollars and ordinary cost of a three dozen size request ought to be 18 dollars. On the off chance that Kristen and her flat mate make a two dozen size request, the complete cost will be: 1.2 + 0.2 + 20*0.3 = 7.4 (fixing cost) (bundle cost) (esteem time cost) The sparing expense of a two dozen size request is 4.7*2-7.4=2 At that point the rebate of a two dozen size request could be 2*50%=1 dollar. On the off chance that Kristen and her flat mate make a three dozen size request, the absolute cost will be: 1.8 + 0.3 + 20*0.4 = 10.1 (fixing cost) (bundle cost) (esteem time cost) The sparing expense of a three dozen size request is 4.7*3-10.1=4 At that point the markdown of a three dozen size request could be 4*50%=2 dollars. It would take more time to take care of a two-dozen treat request than a one-dozen treat size request. Clearly, from viewpoint of Rush Over Time, they will take 26 minutes to take care of a one dozen size request, however they will take 26 minutes to take care of a two dozen size request. From point of view of Cycle Time, they will take 10 minutes to dispatch a one dozen size request; notwithstanding, they will take 20 minutes to take care of a two dozen size request. Q5 Regardless of one, a few dozen of size, Kristen’s treats organization just need one food processor and two heating plate. As should be obvious from the Gantt outline: Outline 5.1 Three Orders of One Dozen Size Outline 5.2 Three Orders of Two Dozen Size Outline 5.3 Two Orders of Three Dozen Size At the sixteenth moment, while the plate is in the broiler, Kristen can’t do the dish up without another plate. So as the 26th 36th †¦.. However, the last advance of the procedure which needs the plate won't impact the procedure that after the following one. At that point we can get the end that they need two plate in particular. What's more, with regards to the food processor, we can discover that the ideal opportunity for the â€Å"washing and mixing† is shorter than the ideal opportunity for heating, and the processor must be utilized in the progression of the â€Å"washing and mixing†. So we can without much of a stretch get the end that Kristen just need one processor. Q6 There is a few strategies to make more treats in less time. If there is just a single stove, the bottleneck would be â€Å"setting up and baking†. In this way, the most effortless approach to improve activity could be including another stove. The impacts of including another stove could be viewed as beneath: One dozen size request Graph 6.1 Three Orders of One Dozen Size with Two Ovens As should be obvious from the Gantt graph, the Rush Order time will remain the equivalent. Be that as it may, the Cycle time abbreviates from 10 minutes to 6 minutes, which implies the bottleneck is â€Å"washing mixing†. In this circumstance, Kristen’s treat organization can finish 10 requests for every hour after this framework has been steady, which is 4 requests more than previously. Given similar presumptions in the Q4, the net benefit of these 4 requests is (6-4.7)*4=5.2 dollars. In ends, Kristen and her flat mate would ready to pay close to 5.2 dollars every hour for the extra broiler. Two dozen size request Graph 6.1 Three Orders of Two Dozen Size with Two Ovens Under this situation, Rush request time abbreviates from 36 minutes to 28 minutes. In the mean time, the Cycle Time becomes 10 minutes, which is 10 minutes not exactly previously. The bottleneck is as yet â€Å"setting up and baking†. In this circumstance, Kristen’s treat organization can finish 6 requests for every hour after this framework has been steady, which is 3 more than previously. Given the suspicions in the inquiry 4, the net benefit of these 3 requests is (12-7.4)*3=13.8 dollars. It implies that Kristen and her flat mate would ready to pay close to 13.8 dollars every hour to lease an extra stove. Three dozen size request Outline 6.1 Four Orders of Three Dozen Size with Two Ovens As should be obvious from the Gantt outline 6.1, the Rush Order time will become 36 minutes. Yet, the Cycle time abbreviates from 30 minutes to (13+17)/2=15 minutes, which implies the bottleneck is as yet â€Å"setting up and baking†. In this circumstance, Kristen’s treat organization can finish 4 requests for each hour after this framework has been steady, which is 2 requests more than previously. Given similar suspicions in the Q4, the net benefit of these 4 requests is (18-10.1)*2=15.8 dollars. Taking everything into account, Kristen and her flat mate would ready to pay close to 15.8 dollars every hour for the extra broiler. Q7 Graph 7.1 Three Orders of Two Dozen Size with Two Ovens

Essay on Abortion in the United States

Paper on Abortion in the United States Paper on Abortion in the United States Paper on Abortion in the United StatesOne issue zone that I need to explore is the premature birth strife. Social occasion data about the objectives and recommendations, in that issue region, of three ideological groups (the Democratic Party, the Republican Party and the outsider Libertarian Party), I have discovered that every one of the three gatherings has built up its particular approach objectives in the issue zone. The Republican Party has built up the â€Å"pro-life† strategy on premature birth, the Democratic Party has set the â€Å"pro-choice† strategy objectives, while the Libertarian Party shows solid ideological duty to freedom and libertarian thoughts, advancing less command over social issues and backing for fetus removal rights (Schubert et al., 2013).â â â â â â â â â â â Comparing the parties’ objectives around there, it is important to assess each party’s objectives from alternate points of view. In light of my own political w ay of thinking, qualities and belief system, I accept that â€Å"pro-choice† strategy is the most suitable for our general public. Democrats are planned for guarding the respect of American residents, setting accentuation on the privileges of ladies. Fetus removal ought to be lawful. Each party’s objectives are powerful in activating voters to help the party’s up-and-comers on the national level. For instance, the â€Å"republican specialists utilized the premature birth banter as a wedge issue in state and national elections† (McBride, 2008, p. 71). From this point of view, it is important to allude to the elements which underlie the two-party framework, featuring the significance of each party’s capacity to utilize its approach recommendations to produce voter support. These stages strongly affect open perspectives, restricting voters to cast a ballot in a specific way.In different words, the perspectives on fetus removal formed the personality o f Democratic Party, the Republican Party and the outsider, the Libertarian Party competitors. Likewise, the just society needs two successful ideological groups, making the two-party framework, advancing rivalry in governmental issues.

Rabies: Closer Than You Think :: science

Rabies: Closer Than You Think Rabies, an infection of the sensory system and salivary organs is a quick moving executioner; it’s not something to play with. Rabies originates from the Latin word â€Å"to rage†. Rabies is effortlessly connected with rage. At the point when individuals consider rabies, they typically think about a frantic raccoon or pooch, frothing at the mouth and going around insane; kicking the bucket before long. The idea of going insane is a truly sensible conjecture for how rabies torments its casualties. The infection enters through a chomp or move of tainted salivation and clears its path through the nerves toward your spinal line and cerebrum. Clearly, rabies is a very lethal infection that influences the sensory system. Following being chomped, you have to look for clinical consideration or passing will draw near seven days. Rabies is a lethal infection that, without appropriate clinical consideration, will murder its casualties quickly, however there are approaches to help. There is an antibody for individuals who are probably going to get rabies, and there is an immunization that, whenever utilized following the presentation to the out of control creature, can spare the survivor of rabies. These antibodies have spared the lives of many. Clinical innovation at its best is the thing that spares survivors of these frightful infections, yet in the event that you are past the point of no return and don't get the correct treatment in time, well, passing is significantly nearer than yo u might suspect. Rabies is an infection that requires quick treatment. Go too moderate and everything you can do is hold up til' the very end comes; agonizingly and tormenting you until you draw your final gasp. Frequently the reason for pollution is through the nibble of a raging creature. The infection at that point spreads through the nerves until it arrives at the focal sensory system (CNS) which is the spinal line and the mind. At that point the infection hatches in the contaminated creature’s body for around 3-12 weeks. The casualty gives no indications of sickness during this â€Å"incubation period†. At the point when the infection arrives at the cerebrum, it increases quickly, goes to the salivary organs, and the tainted animal starts to give indications of ailment. The tainted animal for the most part kicks the bucket inside multi week of getting wiped out. Inside four or five days, the casualty my then either slip into a months in length trance like state finishing off with death or pass on unexpectedly of heart failure. Rabies is incredibly hazardous. It’s critical to treat the injury when you have been chomped, yet the ailment isn’t consistently trans mitted through a nibble.

Operant Conditioning Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Operant Conditioning Paper - Essay Example Operant Conditioning is generally utilized in brain science as well as in other various settings. An individual carries on with a certain goal in mind because of the reaction (improvements) he encounters in his condition. At the point when these reactions are fortified, at that point the individual or creature is adapted to react. Operant Conditioning doesn't utilize the experimentation strategy in deciding a person’s response to a specific reaction. It is straightforwardly experienced by the person through a specific involvement with his condition. Fortifications mean â€Å"to fortify or make strong† however they can be both positive just as negative. A reinforcer is considered positive when the fortification is introduced or happens. Then again, a negative fortification is the point at which the support is pulled back. So as to smother a person’s conduct, adverse support is used, yet that doesn’t imply that pessimistic fortification is discipline. Adverse reinforcers are frequently used to address a person’s conduct by expelling the constructive reinforcer and supplanting it with the contrary one. This causes the person to condition or react in an alternate manner by diminishing the result or danger of discipline, in this way improving his conduct. Operant Behavior is formed by the results an individual gets in the earth. The opportunity of an individual is influenced all the while. (Skinner, 1971) If the individual has encountered positive fortifying outcomes as a rule feel a feeling of opportunity, yet this isn't the situation in negative results. As per B.F Skinner, â€Å"The trial examination of operant conduct has prompted an innovation regularly called conduct modification†. (B.F Skinner, 1971) Between the encouraging feedback and Negative support, the one that is generally utilized in the remedy of conduct is the Negative fortification. In such a situation, the difficulty causing outcomes are expelled and supplanted with different results,

African Culture and Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

African Culture and Development - Essay Example A social perspective that has prompted development and improvement in Africa is the way of life through which numerous African clashes settle their contentions. The African culture is one that advances serene and participatory exchanges in arrangement issues. At the point when families and family members dissent, most African nations select out-for-court settlement (Wanda 9). A chamber of older folks is normally gathered to address the current issue and give arrangements. This chamber of older folks is chosen from among the smartest and astute of men in the general public, who have demonstrated mind boggling records of harmony keeping and have been commendable pioneers in their families. At the point when a man depicts such attributes, they can be offered with the duty of executing thoughts and passing decisions that are reasonable and fair-minded (Vakunta 30). The men are likewise the caretakers of the cultural law and conventions and consequently, they are images of administration. Correspondingly, numerous African nations have stretched out this social practice to administration and authority. The pioneers who are picked in the nations are relied upon to maintain and regard the law and to stay straightforward and responsible to the individuals. A case of a nation that has enormously clung to this is Rwanda, which is quick to forestall a rehash of the massacre that asserted more than 100,000 individuals in a destruction that just went on for 100 days! Well-suited compromise, along these lines, has been an incredible factor towards advancing development and improvement of Africa. In any case, social practices have significantly ruined the advancement of Africa.

Time Line COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Time Line COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Now that I am into full on admission file reading mode I thought I would give a brief outline of the admission decision and enrollment time line. First of all, not all admission decisions get sent at the same time.   In a perfect world we would like to release all decisions on the same day, however there are a number of files that take a bit longer to review and our fellowship meetings also take some time to coordinate and we do not want to hold up the release of decisions when the majority are ready to go.   Thus about 70% of decisions are sent at the same time and around 30% trickle out over time. I know this is not ideal, but it is the way things are and I want to be honest and upfront about the process.   If your decision takes longer to receive it does not mean you did anything wrong, it just means some additional time was needed to reach a final decision. When your decision is ready to view we will send you an email.   Paper letters for admitted candidates will follow a few weeks later, however we do not send paper copies of letters to candidates not offered admission or to candidates placed on the wait list. The exact date that decisions will start to go out is not set yet but we hope to start very early in March. I will provide more information on the blog as time progresses so stay tuned. Admitted candidates will be given a link to a Welcome Page with a great deal of information focused on assistance regarding the enrollment process.   For example, there will be a Message Board for admitted applicants.   The board will give admitted applicants a chance to interact with one another and with current students. We will also be hosting an admitted student day on campus.   The date is Tuesday, April 12th and a registration link will be included in the Welcome Page.   It will be a full day event starting at 9:00 AM and concluding around 7:00 PM. Admitted candidates will have until May 2nd to pay a deposit to reserve a seat in the fall class.   Those that pay a deposit must ensure that official copies of transcripts and test scores are submitted to SIPA no later than June 15th.   Many applicants already included our test score code when taking GRE, GMAT, and TOEFL.   Test scores are sent to a central Columbia University database and we will start to look for official reports after the deposit deadline passes. Admitted candidates that uploaded copies of transcripts to the application site will have to have official transcripts sent to our office.   Official transcripts and test scores will become a part of your permanent academic record. During the summer there will be a math tutorial.   The tutorial is Web based and all that is needed to participate is a computer with an Internet connection.   We encourage every admitted student to participate because getting off to a good start is key to your experience at SIPA.   Second year funding consideration is tied to first year GPA so achieving good grades in first semester quantitative courses is key. Over the summer the blog will also play host to photo submissions from admitted candidates.   If you have great photos to share be ready to submit them and keep your camera at the ready over the next few months to capture great moments you might want to share. Those are the major time line dates and resources to be aware of for now.   Stay tuned to the blog for more as time progresses. Time Line COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The Admissions Committee has been meeting all week and we continue to publish decisions as soon as we are able.   As a reminder, you will receive an email from us when your decision is ready to be viewed on the application Web site.   We cannot provide estimates on when individual decisions will be published. I did want to provide a quick overview of the time line that will follow in the coming month or so. The following information is provided on an admitted student welcome page but I thought I would provide some highlights. First, admitted students will have the opportunity to participate in a Web based Message Board starting later in March.   The purpose of the board is to give admitted students the opportunity to interact with one another and with current students.   SIPA students will be taking a spring break from March 16th to 20th and we will have the board up shortly after their return.   Details will be sent to admitted students once the board is activated. Second, SIPA will host an Open House for admitted students on Tuesday, April 14th.   The Open House will take place on the Columbia Campus and it will be a full day event. Third, April 20th is the date by which admitted students must pay a deposit confirming enrollment for fall 2009. Finally, an email regarding financial aid opportunities is sent shortly after the admission letter is published.   The letter is meant to outline the general funds available to SIPA students.   More specific letters will follow at a later time for U.S. Citizens and Permanent Residents who have filed a Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA).   If admitted students have been awarded a SIPA fellowship this information will be in the admission letter. Now back to Committee meetings . . .

Judicial reforms - Free Essay Example

à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Recent judicial reforms will ensure judicial independence from interference by the State, but greater transparency of judicial appointments may also decrease the publicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s reverence for judicial office.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  1. Introduction The drive for constitutional reform is on the basis of the foundational concept of the separation of powers. Integral to this is that the judiciary should be free to uphold the rule of law and prevent elective dictatorship. Although well-intentioned, elements of the change appear haphazard and as we shall see have not fully resolved the problem of independence. A corollary of the drive has been a review of judicial appointments to ensure independence and open the process to public scrutiny. Although welcome, there are still inherent difficulties in making appointments purely autonomous and these problems may cause a decline in the reputation of judges. 2. The background to judicial reform In 2003 th e Government created a Department for Constitutional Affairs to oversee the process of rapid reform that had already comprised devolution, the removal of hereditary peers from Parliament, and the Human Rights Act 1998. The Constitutional Reform Act 2005 was the legacy of the short-lived department that then became the Ministry of Justice in 2007. The Act aimed to institute the separation of powers and particularly ensure judicial independence and the rule of law. This was partly to meet the requirements of the European Convention on Human Rights Article 6, which specifies the right to a fair trial. But the legislation also aimed to meet public expectations and prevent governmental interference in potentially controversial cases. Over the past almost two decades judges have increasingly had to rule on politically contentious matters, resulting in unprecedented conflict between the executive and the judiciary. Decisions on charged policy areas such as immigration and security may h ave political effects which governments past have occasionally attempted to influence. This has been exacerbated by the ability of the courts to review legislation in the light of the Human Rights Act 1998. A particularly public conflict over judicial review of criminal sentencing has been on-going since Michael Howards tenure as Home Secretary (1993-97). In a parliamentary debate of 17th February 1999, the Lord Chancellor referred to the essential counter-balance of his role and back to that period of unprecedented antagonism between the judiciary and the Government over the judicial review of ministerial decisions. The conflict continued when the judiciary would not permit the government to set minimum terms for life sentences in conflict with Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights which has it that sentencing must be by independent trial (1). (An Incredible irony given that Home Office lawyers drafted Article 6). Obiter it was stated: The protection of the jud iciary from Executive interference is, in my view, a high order duty perhaps the highest order duty of any Lord Chancellor. The office is a buffer between the judiciary and the executive which protects judicial independence. In 2003 following the formation of the Department of Constitutional Affairs the Lord Chancellor was assigned to a new role distinct from the judiciary. On the judgement of A ORS v Secretary of State for the Home Department (2003) EWCA Civ 1502 on which the then Home Secretary David Blunkett declared: Frankly Im fed up with having to deal with a situation where Parliament debates the issues and the judges overturn them. In a letter to the London Evening Standard on 12th May 2003 Blunkett referred to his so-called war on the judges' and called for a long hard look at the constitutional relationship between parliament and the judges and be clear how its changed. The government subsequently passed the Criminal Justice Act 2003, which set tariffs for sentencing , through Parliament under controversial circumstances. In a House debate of 21st May 2003, Lord Rodgers of Quarry Bank expressed regret that the Lord Chancellor could no longer mediate on the matter. The tariffs have since frequently been ignored by sentencing judges. 3. The reforms and their effect on the judiciary The judicial powers of the Lord Chancellor were relinquished along with the (largely ceremonial) role of Speaker of the House of Lords. The legal functions were conveyed to the Lord Chief Justice who becomes the President of the Supreme Court of England and Wales. The Law Lords were removed from their seats in Parliament to become Justices of the Supreme Court. A new Judicial Appointments Commission was established by the Constitutional Reform Act (s. 61) and came into being on 3rd April 2006. Its mission is to strengthen judicial independence and make appointments more transparent and accountable. The Commission selects candidates on the basis of merit and aim s to encourage a diverse range of applicants. Recommendations are made to the Lord Chancellor who makes appointments and gives reasons for his selections. The Commission is sponsored by the Ministry of Justice. The effect of the new Lord Chancellor has been mixed. Undoubtedly there is greater separation of powers; perhaps even for the first time in the UK (2). However some have criticised the new system of checks and balances. The position of Lord Chancellor is taken by the Secretary of State for Justice. The new Ministry of Justice has assumed responsibility for prisons and probations leaving the Home Office the powers to deal with immigration, security and policing. The former Lord Chief Justice, Lord Woolf, has been a cautious voice against unconsidered reform (3). Recently he has criticised the conflict of interest inherent in the roles of Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice (4). With the Lord Chancellorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s power to make appointments and traditi onal influence as a figurehead among the judiciary, there is a potential for political manipulation of judges due to the Ministerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s responsibility for prisons also. 4. Judicial appointments The creation of the Judicial Appointments Commission has certainly made the process more open to the public than the previous à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“old-boys networkà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . In the words of the once Lord Chancellor, Lord Elwyn Jones (5): à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“When a vacancy had to be filled, the heads of the Divisionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ were invited into my office to consider likely names. Usually we agreed as to the one most meriting appointment. Occasionally two names were equally supported. Then the choice was left to meà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . There were disputes as to whether an independent body could make decisions as efficiently as the Lord Chancellor possibly could. Lord Woolf argued that one person is better because a committee could lead to a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Bugginsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ turn nextà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  attitude. However these doubts have been placated by the presence of legal experts and lay persons in selecting candidates, while appointments are still made by the Lord Chancellor. One of the commitments of the Commission was to break the prevailing dominance of white, male, middle class, privately educated Oxbridge graduates. Merit is still the primary criteria of selection, but it is debated as to how diversity could possibly be achieved without discrimination and even inefficiency, which may also decrease public confidence in the judiciary. The question is one of how merit is to be measured (a stated objective of the Commission). The educational excellence and experience of the traditional judicial appointment is a measure of their merit. But it is arguable that that background is a result of traditional privileges and that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"merità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ could be expanded to include a broader range of backgrounds. This problem has been expressed as a dichotomy with a choice between à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"maximal merità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ always choosing the best candidate and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"minimal merità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, whereby selection from a number of qualified candidates is based on policy grounds. The distinction masks the problem with bias: it is precisely what is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"bestà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ that is at stake. But it does make clear that the intrusion of political considerations compromises judicial independence. Paradoxically the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"traditional appointmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ without diversity considerations might seem elitist and removed from the public. For these reasons, transparency and public openness to the inherent difficulty and bias of the process might reduce the publicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s reverence for the office. A year after the establishment of the Commission, a review of its appointments highlights this problem. A Commons inquiry concluded that the system is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“improving but can do betterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (6). There is still a deficit of women and minorities with some complaints by female judges. The Lord Chief Justice (who is no longer involved in appointments) has claimed that plans for more women may be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“illegalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and compromise à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“impartialityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . 5. Conclusion The changes wrought by the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 and thereafter have had mixed effects. There has never been strict separation of powers. Indeed, parliamentary sovereignty implies that the legislature is, or should be, the most powerful branch. Judicial independence must be interpreted in this light. Curzon has suggested that it is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The practice in the UK whereby judges are freed from outside pressureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , which has previously been assured by the Consolidated Fund, the Act of Settlement and its successors (7). Recent changes to appointments have made the process more open, but not necessarily more independent. Appointments are still subject to policy pressures in the form of diversity or to accusations of continuing elitist favouritism. The process involves not only the Appointments Commission but also the Lord Chancellor, who is no longer a part of the judiciary but is a government minister. His role also conflicts with that of the Secretary of State for Justice which undermines the reform of the Lord Chancellorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"s office and has the potential for State interference. Furthermore political scandals associated with the Attorney General have issued claims for reform of that office also (8). To borrow a phrase of the journalist Melanie Phillips; our system is one of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"transparent inaccountabilityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, and it is this which may reduce reverence for the office of the judge. Footnotes (1) R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Anderson [2002] UKHL 46. (2) See: Stevens R (1999) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"A loss of innocence?: judicial independence and the separation of powersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 19(3), pp. 365 402. He argues that the concepts are more those of political rhetoric than legal history. However: Rt Hon Lord Justice Brook à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Judicial Independence Its History in England and Walesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, https://www.judcom.nsw.gov.au/fb/fbbrook.htm. (3) Lord Woolf, The Rule of Law and a Change in Constitution, Squire Centenary Lecture, Cambridge University, 3 March 2004. Interview with Lord Woolf, New Statesman 16 Feb 2004. Legal Reform creates a vacuum, says Lord Woolf, The Independent 10 July 2003. H. Woolf, Judicial Review the tensions between the executive and the judiciary (1998) 114 LQR 579. (4) Lord Woolf fears Home Office reforms, https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_politics/6586437.stm. (5) Quoted in Gillespie A. (2007) The English Legal System; Oxford University Press: Oxford. (6) Gibb F. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Judicial Appointm ents Commission: what does its first report card say?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, The Times, June 25th 2007. (7) (2002), quoted in Gillespie (2007). (8) Gibb F. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Attorney-Generalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s first task is to rewrite her job descriptionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, The Times, July 26th 2007. References Books: (1) Barnett H.(2006), Constitutional and Administrative Law, Routledge-Cavendish: Oxon. (2) Gillespie A. (2007) The English Legal System; Oxford University Press: Oxford. Articles: (3) Bogdarov F. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Our New Constitutionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Lecture at Gresham College, May 29th 2007, www.gresham.ac.uk/eventapp?PageId=45EventId=547. (4) Gibb F. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Attorney-Generalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s first task is to rewrite her job descriptionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, The Times, July 26th 2007. (5) Gibb F. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Judicial Appointments Commission: what does its first report card say?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, The Times, June 25th 2007. (6) H. Woo lf, Judicial Review the tensions between the executive and the judiciary (1998) 114 LQR 579. (7) Interview with Lord Woolf, New Statesman 16 Feb 2004. (8) Kettle M. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Parliament holds the key to this standoff with the judgesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, The Guardian, May 19th 2007. (9) Legal Reform creates a vacuum, says Lord Woolf, The Independent 10 July 2003. (10) Lord Woolf fears Home Office reforms, https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6586437.stm. (11) Marquand D. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Britainà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s own C-wordà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, New Statesman, June 28th 2007. (12) Rt Hon Lord Justice Brook à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Judicial Independence Its History in England and Walesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, https://www.judcom.nsw.gov.au/fb/fbbrook.htm. (13) Stevens R (1999) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"A loss of innocence?: judicial independence and the separation of powersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 19(3), pp. 365 402. Statutes: (14) Constitutional Reform Act 2005. (15) Human Rights Act 1998. Cases: (16) A ORS v Secretary of State for the Home Department (2003) EWCA Civ 1502.