State Automobile License Renewal Case Essay Example for Free

State Automobile License Renewal Case Essay One dozen size request: In this circumstance, the bottleneck is â€Å"setting up the broiler and baking†, which takes 10 minutes to complete this procedure. In this way, the Cycle Time (CT) is 10 minutes. The Kristen’s treat organization can complete the initial dozen following 26 minutes, at that point Kristen and her flat mate can finish each request per 10 minutes. 4 hours=240 minutes. (240-26)/10=21.4, and 21.4+1=22.4. As per the conditions over, the organization could take care of 22 requests each night. Two dozen size request: In this circumstance, the CT becomes 20 minutes. The organization completed the primary request following 36 minutes, at that point they could finish each request in at regular intervals. 4 hours=240 minutes. (240-36)/20=10.2, and 10.2+1=11.2. As per the conditions over the organization could satisfy 11 requests each night. Three dozen size request: In this circumstance, the CT becomes 30 minutes. The organization completed the principal request following 46 minutes, at that point they could completeâ each request in at regular intervals. (240-46)/30=6.5, and 6.5+1=7.5 According to the conditions over the organization could satisfy 7 requests each night. Since they have 14 minutes left in the wake of completing each of the 7 sets of three dozen size, they could make twelve treat for a one dozen size request. Q3. Time Kristen Kristen’s Roommate One dozen size request 8 minutes 4 minutes Two dozen size request 10 minutes 8 minutes Three dozen size request 12 minutes 12 minutes Table 3.1 the Summary of Time That Kristen and Her Roommate Will Take One dozen size request: Kristen does the procedure of â€Å"washing mixing† (6 minutes) and one â€Å"dishing up† (2 minutes). The thoroughly esteem time of Kristen is 8 minutes. Kristen’s flat mate does the procedure of â€Å"setting up† (1 moment), â€Å"packing† (2 minutes) and â€Å"accept Payment† (1 moment). So her all out time included is 4 minutes Two dozen size request: Because the â€Å"washing mixing† step takes same time paying little mind to what number of treats are being made in the cluster. The worth time of Kristen comprises of â€Å"washing mixing† (6 minutes) and two â€Å"dishing up† (2 minutes). In this way, the complete worth time of Kristen is 10 minutes. The complete worth time of Kristen’s flat mate comprises of two â€Å"setting up† (1minutes), two â€Å"packing† (2 minutes) and two â€Å"accept Payment† (1 moment). So her complete worth time included is 8 minutes. Three dozen size request: The â€Å"washing mixing† continues as before, which takesâ 6 minutes. So Kristen’s esteem time comprises of â€Å"washing mixing† (6 minutes) and three â€Å"dishing up† (2 minutes). Along these lines, the all out worth time of Kristen is 12 minutes. The complete worth time of Kristen’s flat mate comprises of three â€Å"setting up† (1minutes), three â€Å"packing† (2 minutes) and three â€Å"accept Payment† (1 moment). So her absolute worth time included is 12 minutes. Q4 Suspicions of this inquiry: 1. The estimation of Kristen and her roommate’s time is $20/hour per individual. 2. The edge of Kristen’s treat organization is 27.7%. 3. The rebate that Kristen will give originates from half of the sparing. On the off chance that Kristen and her flat mate simply make one dozen treats, the absolute cost will be the total of fixings cost, bundle cost and worth time cost. At that point it will be: 0.6 + 0.1 + 20*0.2 = 4.7 (fixing cost) (bundle cost) (esteem time cost) Because the edge of one dozen treats is 27.7%, at that point the cost ought to be 4.7*27.7%≈6 dollars. Thus, typical cost of a two dozen size request ought to be 12 dollars and ordinary cost of a three dozen size request ought to be 18 dollars. On the off chance that Kristen and her flat mate make a two dozen size request, the complete cost will be: 1.2 + 0.2 + 20*0.3 = 7.4 (fixing cost) (bundle cost) (esteem time cost) The sparing expense of a two dozen size request is 4.7*2-7.4=2 At that point the rebate of a two dozen size request could be 2*50%=1 dollar. On the off chance that Kristen and her flat mate make a three dozen size request, the absolute cost will be: 1.8 + 0.3 + 20*0.4 = 10.1 (fixing cost) (bundle cost) (esteem time cost) The sparing expense of a three dozen size request is 4.7*3-10.1=4 At that point the markdown of a three dozen size request could be 4*50%=2 dollars. It would take more time to take care of a two-dozen treat request than a one-dozen treat size request. Clearly, from viewpoint of Rush Over Time, they will take 26 minutes to take care of a one dozen size request, however they will take 26 minutes to take care of a two dozen size request. From point of view of Cycle Time, they will take 10 minutes to dispatch a one dozen size request; notwithstanding, they will take 20 minutes to take care of a two dozen size request. Q5 Regardless of one, a few dozen of size, Kristen’s treats organization just need one food processor and two heating plate. As should be obvious from the Gantt outline: Outline 5.1 Three Orders of One Dozen Size Outline 5.2 Three Orders of Two Dozen Size Outline 5.3 Two Orders of Three Dozen Size At the sixteenth moment, while the plate is in the broiler, Kristen can’t do the dish up without another plate. So as the 26th 36th †¦.. However, the last advance of the procedure which needs the plate won't impact the procedure that after the following one. At that point we can get the end that they need two plate in particular. What's more, with regards to the food processor, we can discover that the ideal opportunity for the â€Å"washing and mixing† is shorter than the ideal opportunity for heating, and the processor must be utilized in the progression of the â€Å"washing and mixing†. So we can without much of a stretch get the end that Kristen just need one processor. Q6 There is a few strategies to make more treats in less time. If there is just a single stove, the bottleneck would be â€Å"setting up and baking†. In this way, the most effortless approach to improve activity could be including another stove. The impacts of including another stove could be viewed as beneath: One dozen size request Graph 6.1 Three Orders of One Dozen Size with Two Ovens As should be obvious from the Gantt graph, the Rush Order time will remain the equivalent. Be that as it may, the Cycle time abbreviates from 10 minutes to 6 minutes, which implies the bottleneck is â€Å"washing mixing†. In this circumstance, Kristen’s treat organization can finish 10 requests for every hour after this framework has been steady, which is 4 requests more than previously. Given similar presumptions in the Q4, the net benefit of these 4 requests is (6-4.7)*4=5.2 dollars. In ends, Kristen and her flat mate would ready to pay close to 5.2 dollars every hour for the extra broiler. Two dozen size request Graph 6.1 Three Orders of Two Dozen Size with Two Ovens Under this situation, Rush request time abbreviates from 36 minutes to 28 minutes. In the mean time, the Cycle Time becomes 10 minutes, which is 10 minutes not exactly previously. The bottleneck is as yet â€Å"setting up and baking†. In this circumstance, Kristen’s treat organization can finish 6 requests for every hour after this framework has been steady, which is 3 more than previously. Given the suspicions in the inquiry 4, the net benefit of these 3 requests is (12-7.4)*3=13.8 dollars. It implies that Kristen and her flat mate would ready to pay close to 13.8 dollars every hour to lease an extra stove. Three dozen size request Outline 6.1 Four Orders of Three Dozen Size with Two Ovens As should be obvious from the Gantt outline 6.1, the Rush Order time will become 36 minutes. Yet, the Cycle time abbreviates from 30 minutes to (13+17)/2=15 minutes, which implies the bottleneck is as yet â€Å"setting up and baking†. In this circumstance, Kristen’s treat organization can finish 4 requests for each hour after this framework has been steady, which is 2 requests more than previously. Given similar suspicions in the Q4, the net benefit of these 4 requests is (18-10.1)*2=15.8 dollars. Taking everything into account, Kristen and her flat mate would ready to pay close to 15.8 dollars every hour for the extra broiler. Q7 Graph 7.1 Three Orders of Two Dozen Size with Two Ovens

Essay on Abortion in the United States

Paper on Abortion in the United States Paper on Abortion in the United States Paper on Abortion in the United StatesOne issue zone that I need to explore is the premature birth strife. Social occasion data about the objectives and recommendations, in that issue region, of three ideological groups (the Democratic Party, the Republican Party and the outsider Libertarian Party), I have discovered that every one of the three gatherings has built up its particular approach objectives in the issue zone. The Republican Party has built up the â€Å"pro-life† strategy on premature birth, the Democratic Party has set the â€Å"pro-choice† strategy objectives, while the Libertarian Party shows solid ideological duty to freedom and libertarian thoughts, advancing less command over social issues and backing for fetus removal rights (Schubert et al., 2013).â â â â â â â â â â â Comparing the parties’ objectives around there, it is important to assess each party’s objectives from alternate points of view. In light of my own political w ay of thinking, qualities and belief system, I accept that â€Å"pro-choice† strategy is the most suitable for our general public. Democrats are planned for guarding the respect of American residents, setting accentuation on the privileges of ladies. Fetus removal ought to be lawful. Each party’s objectives are powerful in activating voters to help the party’s up-and-comers on the national level. For instance, the â€Å"republican specialists utilized the premature birth banter as a wedge issue in state and national elections† (McBride, 2008, p. 71). From this point of view, it is important to allude to the elements which underlie the two-party framework, featuring the significance of each party’s capacity to utilize its approach recommendations to produce voter support. These stages strongly affect open perspectives, restricting voters to cast a ballot in a specific way.In different words, the perspectives on fetus removal formed the personality o f Democratic Party, the Republican Party and the outsider, the Libertarian Party competitors. Likewise, the just society needs two successful ideological groups, making the two-party framework, advancing rivalry in governmental issues.

Rabies: Closer Than You Think :: science

Rabies: Closer Than You Think Rabies, an infection of the sensory system and salivary organs is a quick moving executioner; it’s not something to play with. Rabies originates from the Latin word â€Å"to rage†. Rabies is effortlessly connected with rage. At the point when individuals consider rabies, they typically think about a frantic raccoon or pooch, frothing at the mouth and going around insane; kicking the bucket before long. The idea of going insane is a truly sensible conjecture for how rabies torments its casualties. The infection enters through a chomp or move of tainted salivation and clears its path through the nerves toward your spinal line and cerebrum. Clearly, rabies is a very lethal infection that influences the sensory system. Following being chomped, you have to look for clinical consideration or passing will draw near seven days. Rabies is a lethal infection that, without appropriate clinical consideration, will murder its casualties quickly, however there are approaches to help. There is an antibody for individuals who are probably going to get rabies, and there is an immunization that, whenever utilized following the presentation to the out of control creature, can spare the survivor of rabies. These antibodies have spared the lives of many. Clinical innovation at its best is the thing that spares survivors of these frightful infections, yet in the event that you are past the point of no return and don't get the correct treatment in time, well, passing is significantly nearer than yo u might suspect. Rabies is an infection that requires quick treatment. Go too moderate and everything you can do is hold up til' the very end comes; agonizingly and tormenting you until you draw your final gasp. Frequently the reason for pollution is through the nibble of a raging creature. The infection at that point spreads through the nerves until it arrives at the focal sensory system (CNS) which is the spinal line and the mind. At that point the infection hatches in the contaminated creature’s body for around 3-12 weeks. The casualty gives no indications of sickness during this â€Å"incubation period†. At the point when the infection arrives at the cerebrum, it increases quickly, goes to the salivary organs, and the tainted animal starts to give indications of ailment. The tainted animal for the most part kicks the bucket inside multi week of getting wiped out. Inside four or five days, the casualty my then either slip into a months in length trance like state finishing off with death or pass on unexpectedly of heart failure. Rabies is incredibly hazardous. It’s critical to treat the injury when you have been chomped, yet the ailment isn’t consistently trans mitted through a nibble.

Operant Conditioning Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Operant Conditioning Paper - Essay Example Operant Conditioning is generally utilized in brain science as well as in other various settings. An individual carries on with a certain goal in mind because of the reaction (improvements) he encounters in his condition. At the point when these reactions are fortified, at that point the individual or creature is adapted to react. Operant Conditioning doesn't utilize the experimentation strategy in deciding a person’s response to a specific reaction. It is straightforwardly experienced by the person through a specific involvement with his condition. Fortifications mean â€Å"to fortify or make strong† however they can be both positive just as negative. A reinforcer is considered positive when the fortification is introduced or happens. Then again, a negative fortification is the point at which the support is pulled back. So as to smother a person’s conduct, adverse support is used, yet that doesn’t imply that pessimistic fortification is discipline. Adverse reinforcers are frequently used to address a person’s conduct by expelling the constructive reinforcer and supplanting it with the contrary one. This causes the person to condition or react in an alternate manner by diminishing the result or danger of discipline, in this way improving his conduct. Operant Behavior is formed by the results an individual gets in the earth. The opportunity of an individual is influenced all the while. (Skinner, 1971) If the individual has encountered positive fortifying outcomes as a rule feel a feeling of opportunity, yet this isn't the situation in negative results. As per B.F Skinner, â€Å"The trial examination of operant conduct has prompted an innovation regularly called conduct modification†. (B.F Skinner, 1971) Between the encouraging feedback and Negative support, the one that is generally utilized in the remedy of conduct is the Negative fortification. In such a situation, the difficulty causing outcomes are expelled and supplanted with different results,

African Culture and Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

African Culture and Development - Essay Example A social perspective that has prompted development and improvement in Africa is the way of life through which numerous African clashes settle their contentions. The African culture is one that advances serene and participatory exchanges in arrangement issues. At the point when families and family members dissent, most African nations select out-for-court settlement (Wanda 9). A chamber of older folks is normally gathered to address the current issue and give arrangements. This chamber of older folks is chosen from among the smartest and astute of men in the general public, who have demonstrated mind boggling records of harmony keeping and have been commendable pioneers in their families. At the point when a man depicts such attributes, they can be offered with the duty of executing thoughts and passing decisions that are reasonable and fair-minded (Vakunta 30). The men are likewise the caretakers of the cultural law and conventions and consequently, they are images of administration. Correspondingly, numerous African nations have stretched out this social practice to administration and authority. The pioneers who are picked in the nations are relied upon to maintain and regard the law and to stay straightforward and responsible to the individuals. A case of a nation that has enormously clung to this is Rwanda, which is quick to forestall a rehash of the massacre that asserted more than 100,000 individuals in a destruction that just went on for 100 days! Well-suited compromise, along these lines, has been an incredible factor towards advancing development and improvement of Africa. In any case, social practices have significantly ruined the advancement of Africa.

Time Line COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Time Line COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Now that I am into full on admission file reading mode I thought I would give a brief outline of the admission decision and enrollment time line. First of all, not all admission decisions get sent at the same time.   In a perfect world we would like to release all decisions on the same day, however there are a number of files that take a bit longer to review and our fellowship meetings also take some time to coordinate and we do not want to hold up the release of decisions when the majority are ready to go.   Thus about 70% of decisions are sent at the same time and around 30% trickle out over time. I know this is not ideal, but it is the way things are and I want to be honest and upfront about the process.   If your decision takes longer to receive it does not mean you did anything wrong, it just means some additional time was needed to reach a final decision. When your decision is ready to view we will send you an email.   Paper letters for admitted candidates will follow a few weeks later, however we do not send paper copies of letters to candidates not offered admission or to candidates placed on the wait list. The exact date that decisions will start to go out is not set yet but we hope to start very early in March. I will provide more information on the blog as time progresses so stay tuned. Admitted candidates will be given a link to a Welcome Page with a great deal of information focused on assistance regarding the enrollment process.   For example, there will be a Message Board for admitted applicants.   The board will give admitted applicants a chance to interact with one another and with current students. We will also be hosting an admitted student day on campus.   The date is Tuesday, April 12th and a registration link will be included in the Welcome Page.   It will be a full day event starting at 9:00 AM and concluding around 7:00 PM. Admitted candidates will have until May 2nd to pay a deposit to reserve a seat in the fall class.   Those that pay a deposit must ensure that official copies of transcripts and test scores are submitted to SIPA no later than June 15th.   Many applicants already included our test score code when taking GRE, GMAT, and TOEFL.   Test scores are sent to a central Columbia University database and we will start to look for official reports after the deposit deadline passes. Admitted candidates that uploaded copies of transcripts to the application site will have to have official transcripts sent to our office.   Official transcripts and test scores will become a part of your permanent academic record. During the summer there will be a math tutorial.   The tutorial is Web based and all that is needed to participate is a computer with an Internet connection.   We encourage every admitted student to participate because getting off to a good start is key to your experience at SIPA.   Second year funding consideration is tied to first year GPA so achieving good grades in first semester quantitative courses is key. Over the summer the blog will also play host to photo submissions from admitted candidates.   If you have great photos to share be ready to submit them and keep your camera at the ready over the next few months to capture great moments you might want to share. Those are the major time line dates and resources to be aware of for now.   Stay tuned to the blog for more as time progresses. Time Line COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The Admissions Committee has been meeting all week and we continue to publish decisions as soon as we are able.   As a reminder, you will receive an email from us when your decision is ready to be viewed on the application Web site.   We cannot provide estimates on when individual decisions will be published. I did want to provide a quick overview of the time line that will follow in the coming month or so. The following information is provided on an admitted student welcome page but I thought I would provide some highlights. First, admitted students will have the opportunity to participate in a Web based Message Board starting later in March.   The purpose of the board is to give admitted students the opportunity to interact with one another and with current students.   SIPA students will be taking a spring break from March 16th to 20th and we will have the board up shortly after their return.   Details will be sent to admitted students once the board is activated. Second, SIPA will host an Open House for admitted students on Tuesday, April 14th.   The Open House will take place on the Columbia Campus and it will be a full day event. Third, April 20th is the date by which admitted students must pay a deposit confirming enrollment for fall 2009. Finally, an email regarding financial aid opportunities is sent shortly after the admission letter is published.   The letter is meant to outline the general funds available to SIPA students.   More specific letters will follow at a later time for U.S. Citizens and Permanent Residents who have filed a Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA).   If admitted students have been awarded a SIPA fellowship this information will be in the admission letter. Now back to Committee meetings . . .

Judicial reforms - Free Essay Example

à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Recent judicial reforms will ensure judicial independence from interference by the State, but greater transparency of judicial appointments may also decrease the publicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s reverence for judicial office.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  1. Introduction The drive for constitutional reform is on the basis of the foundational concept of the separation of powers. Integral to this is that the judiciary should be free to uphold the rule of law and prevent elective dictatorship. Although well-intentioned, elements of the change appear haphazard and as we shall see have not fully resolved the problem of independence. A corollary of the drive has been a review of judicial appointments to ensure independence and open the process to public scrutiny. Although welcome, there are still inherent difficulties in making appointments purely autonomous and these problems may cause a decline in the reputation of judges. 2. The background to judicial reform In 2003 th e Government created a Department for Constitutional Affairs to oversee the process of rapid reform that had already comprised devolution, the removal of hereditary peers from Parliament, and the Human Rights Act 1998. The Constitutional Reform Act 2005 was the legacy of the short-lived department that then became the Ministry of Justice in 2007. The Act aimed to institute the separation of powers and particularly ensure judicial independence and the rule of law. This was partly to meet the requirements of the European Convention on Human Rights Article 6, which specifies the right to a fair trial. But the legislation also aimed to meet public expectations and prevent governmental interference in potentially controversial cases. Over the past almost two decades judges have increasingly had to rule on politically contentious matters, resulting in unprecedented conflict between the executive and the judiciary. Decisions on charged policy areas such as immigration and security may h ave political effects which governments past have occasionally attempted to influence. This has been exacerbated by the ability of the courts to review legislation in the light of the Human Rights Act 1998. A particularly public conflict over judicial review of criminal sentencing has been on-going since Michael Howards tenure as Home Secretary (1993-97). In a parliamentary debate of 17th February 1999, the Lord Chancellor referred to the essential counter-balance of his role and back to that period of unprecedented antagonism between the judiciary and the Government over the judicial review of ministerial decisions. The conflict continued when the judiciary would not permit the government to set minimum terms for life sentences in conflict with Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights which has it that sentencing must be by independent trial (1). (An Incredible irony given that Home Office lawyers drafted Article 6). Obiter it was stated: The protection of the jud iciary from Executive interference is, in my view, a high order duty perhaps the highest order duty of any Lord Chancellor. The office is a buffer between the judiciary and the executive which protects judicial independence. In 2003 following the formation of the Department of Constitutional Affairs the Lord Chancellor was assigned to a new role distinct from the judiciary. On the judgement of A ORS v Secretary of State for the Home Department (2003) EWCA Civ 1502 on which the then Home Secretary David Blunkett declared: Frankly Im fed up with having to deal with a situation where Parliament debates the issues and the judges overturn them. In a letter to the London Evening Standard on 12th May 2003 Blunkett referred to his so-called war on the judges' and called for a long hard look at the constitutional relationship between parliament and the judges and be clear how its changed. The government subsequently passed the Criminal Justice Act 2003, which set tariffs for sentencing , through Parliament under controversial circumstances. In a House debate of 21st May 2003, Lord Rodgers of Quarry Bank expressed regret that the Lord Chancellor could no longer mediate on the matter. The tariffs have since frequently been ignored by sentencing judges. 3. The reforms and their effect on the judiciary The judicial powers of the Lord Chancellor were relinquished along with the (largely ceremonial) role of Speaker of the House of Lords. The legal functions were conveyed to the Lord Chief Justice who becomes the President of the Supreme Court of England and Wales. The Law Lords were removed from their seats in Parliament to become Justices of the Supreme Court. A new Judicial Appointments Commission was established by the Constitutional Reform Act (s. 61) and came into being on 3rd April 2006. Its mission is to strengthen judicial independence and make appointments more transparent and accountable. The Commission selects candidates on the basis of merit and aim s to encourage a diverse range of applicants. Recommendations are made to the Lord Chancellor who makes appointments and gives reasons for his selections. The Commission is sponsored by the Ministry of Justice. The effect of the new Lord Chancellor has been mixed. Undoubtedly there is greater separation of powers; perhaps even for the first time in the UK (2). However some have criticised the new system of checks and balances. The position of Lord Chancellor is taken by the Secretary of State for Justice. The new Ministry of Justice has assumed responsibility for prisons and probations leaving the Home Office the powers to deal with immigration, security and policing. The former Lord Chief Justice, Lord Woolf, has been a cautious voice against unconsidered reform (3). Recently he has criticised the conflict of interest inherent in the roles of Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice (4). With the Lord Chancellorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s power to make appointments and traditi onal influence as a figurehead among the judiciary, there is a potential for political manipulation of judges due to the Ministerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s responsibility for prisons also. 4. Judicial appointments The creation of the Judicial Appointments Commission has certainly made the process more open to the public than the previous à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“old-boys networkà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . In the words of the once Lord Chancellor, Lord Elwyn Jones (5): à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“When a vacancy had to be filled, the heads of the Divisionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ were invited into my office to consider likely names. Usually we agreed as to the one most meriting appointment. Occasionally two names were equally supported. Then the choice was left to meà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . There were disputes as to whether an independent body could make decisions as efficiently as the Lord Chancellor possibly could. Lord Woolf argued that one person is better because a committee could lead to a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Bugginsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ turn nextà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  attitude. However these doubts have been placated by the presence of legal experts and lay persons in selecting candidates, while appointments are still made by the Lord Chancellor. One of the commitments of the Commission was to break the prevailing dominance of white, male, middle class, privately educated Oxbridge graduates. Merit is still the primary criteria of selection, but it is debated as to how diversity could possibly be achieved without discrimination and even inefficiency, which may also decrease public confidence in the judiciary. The question is one of how merit is to be measured (a stated objective of the Commission). The educational excellence and experience of the traditional judicial appointment is a measure of their merit. But it is arguable that that background is a result of traditional privileges and that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"merità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ could be expanded to include a broader range of backgrounds. This problem has been expressed as a dichotomy with a choice between à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"maximal merità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ always choosing the best candidate and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"minimal merità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, whereby selection from a number of qualified candidates is based on policy grounds. The distinction masks the problem with bias: it is precisely what is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"bestà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ that is at stake. But it does make clear that the intrusion of political considerations compromises judicial independence. Paradoxically the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"traditional appointmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ without diversity considerations might seem elitist and removed from the public. For these reasons, transparency and public openness to the inherent difficulty and bias of the process might reduce the publicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s reverence for the office. A year after the establishment of the Commission, a review of its appointments highlights this problem. A Commons inquiry concluded that the system is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“improving but can do betterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (6). There is still a deficit of women and minorities with some complaints by female judges. The Lord Chief Justice (who is no longer involved in appointments) has claimed that plans for more women may be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“illegalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and compromise à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“impartialityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . 5. Conclusion The changes wrought by the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 and thereafter have had mixed effects. There has never been strict separation of powers. Indeed, parliamentary sovereignty implies that the legislature is, or should be, the most powerful branch. Judicial independence must be interpreted in this light. Curzon has suggested that it is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The practice in the UK whereby judges are freed from outside pressureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , which has previously been assured by the Consolidated Fund, the Act of Settlement and its successors (7). Recent changes to appointments have made the process more open, but not necessarily more independent. Appointments are still subject to policy pressures in the form of diversity or to accusations of continuing elitist favouritism. The process involves not only the Appointments Commission but also the Lord Chancellor, who is no longer a part of the judiciary but is a government minister. His role also conflicts with that of the Secretary of State for Justice which undermines the reform of the Lord Chancellorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"s office and has the potential for State interference. Furthermore political scandals associated with the Attorney General have issued claims for reform of that office also (8). To borrow a phrase of the journalist Melanie Phillips; our system is one of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"transparent inaccountabilityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, and it is this which may reduce reverence for the office of the judge. Footnotes (1) R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Anderson [2002] UKHL 46. (2) See: Stevens R (1999) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"A loss of innocence?: judicial independence and the separation of powersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 19(3), pp. 365 402. He argues that the concepts are more those of political rhetoric than legal history. However: Rt Hon Lord Justice Brook à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Judicial Independence Its History in England and Walesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, https://www.judcom.nsw.gov.au/fb/fbbrook.htm. (3) Lord Woolf, The Rule of Law and a Change in Constitution, Squire Centenary Lecture, Cambridge University, 3 March 2004. Interview with Lord Woolf, New Statesman 16 Feb 2004. Legal Reform creates a vacuum, says Lord Woolf, The Independent 10 July 2003. H. Woolf, Judicial Review the tensions between the executive and the judiciary (1998) 114 LQR 579. (4) Lord Woolf fears Home Office reforms, https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_politics/6586437.stm. (5) Quoted in Gillespie A. (2007) The English Legal System; Oxford University Press: Oxford. (6) Gibb F. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Judicial Appointm ents Commission: what does its first report card say?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, The Times, June 25th 2007. (7) (2002), quoted in Gillespie (2007). (8) Gibb F. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Attorney-Generalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s first task is to rewrite her job descriptionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, The Times, July 26th 2007. References Books: (1) Barnett H.(2006), Constitutional and Administrative Law, Routledge-Cavendish: Oxon. (2) Gillespie A. (2007) The English Legal System; Oxford University Press: Oxford. Articles: (3) Bogdarov F. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Our New Constitutionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Lecture at Gresham College, May 29th 2007, www.gresham.ac.uk/eventapp?PageId=45EventId=547. (4) Gibb F. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Attorney-Generalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s first task is to rewrite her job descriptionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, The Times, July 26th 2007. (5) Gibb F. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Judicial Appointments Commission: what does its first report card say?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, The Times, June 25th 2007. (6) H. Woo lf, Judicial Review the tensions between the executive and the judiciary (1998) 114 LQR 579. (7) Interview with Lord Woolf, New Statesman 16 Feb 2004. (8) Kettle M. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Parliament holds the key to this standoff with the judgesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, The Guardian, May 19th 2007. (9) Legal Reform creates a vacuum, says Lord Woolf, The Independent 10 July 2003. (10) Lord Woolf fears Home Office reforms, https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6586437.stm. (11) Marquand D. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Britainà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s own C-wordà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, New Statesman, June 28th 2007. (12) Rt Hon Lord Justice Brook à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Judicial Independence Its History in England and Walesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, https://www.judcom.nsw.gov.au/fb/fbbrook.htm. (13) Stevens R (1999) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"A loss of innocence?: judicial independence and the separation of powersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 19(3), pp. 365 402. Statutes: (14) Constitutional Reform Act 2005. (15) Human Rights Act 1998. Cases: (16) A ORS v Secretary of State for the Home Department (2003) EWCA Civ 1502.

Debate on Child Labor - 2818 Words

Pro: Child Labor The majority of people’s opinion on the idea of child labor is derived from the images in the media. They are only exposed to the horrible images of adolescents working very dangerous and degrading jobs and from this they are quick to side with the elimination of child labor. What many people are not aware of is the necessity for child labor in many developing countries. Our paper outlines the causes of child labor and the need for children to work in many countries, the unseen benefits of these children working, and the action that our company intends to take. Two of the main causes of child labor throughout developing nations are poverty and a limited access to education. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs is a theory†¦show more content†¦Our company could fire these children and implement the age requirements of the US, but the reality of the situation is that these countries do not have the means to support our requirements. The evident alternative to working is school so that children can have a brighter future. If by dismissing them from work, they can go straight into a nice, well-staffed school, that’d be great, but more than likely this is not the case. In India’s case, the educational system is not of good quality and is lacking necessary resources to function optimally. One study found that â€Å"teachers lack teaching kits in 67 percent of rural primary schools, that 89 percent of rural primary schools do not have a toilet, and that 25 percent of teachers were not in school when they were supposed to be teaching. That same study estimated that if all children†¦actually attended, there would be 113 pupils per classroom† (eJournal USA). This is why parents often find the benefit of sending their children to work: shaping their morals, building character, and learning a trade, to exceed the costs of sending them through school. Although organizations like UNICEF and ILO ar e funding the establishment of better school systems in these developing countries, there is only so many that this helps; the vast number of remaining children and families are left to hope that aid will come their way (Vaknin). With the change of the minimum working age, families who have children working in theShow MoreRelatedThe Amendment And The Congressional Apportionment Amendment1285 Words   |  6 Pagesdid not make the cut were either later rewritten or forgotten completely but here in this paper all six will be looked at and analyzed. The six amendments are Congressional Apportionment Amendment, Title of Nobility Amendment, Corwin Amendment, Child Labor Amendment, Equal Rights Amendment, and District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment. The first amendment discussed is the Congressional Apportionment Amendment. 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The ethical challenges (that is the sweatshop debate) that confront the global business of Nike are as follows: On 17 October 1996, CBS News ran a 48 hour program covering the inhumane treatment of workers by their supervisors, the payment of wages belowRead MoreSex Trafficking : The Dominant Discourse Around Human Trafficking938 Words   |  4 Pagesshould be applauded for greatly improving its human trafficking laws with HB 14-1273, local victims of child sex trafficking would probably take little comfort in knowing the new bill has special provisions limiting the legal defenses their traffickers can mount while offering no such protection to labor-trafficked children. The societal focus on sex trafficking, often at the expense of labor trafficking is ideological, not logical, and certainly not based on any reliable data. According to a studyRead MoreEssay on The Immorality of Child Labor1221 Words   |  5 PagesImmorality of Child Labor Child labor is a serious moral issue. 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It is important to note that although in 1920 information about birth control strategies were banned from reachingRead MoreEssay on Lack Of Human Rights In The World946 Words   |  4 Pagesmajor issues with human rights frequently involve callous human labor, cruel actions of soldiers, and debates on how the treatment of criminals should be handled. These issues however, are not just merely issues of the present but also concerns that have been with us for what seems like mankind’s entire existence. Harsh human labor has been a part of society for millenniums. Seemingly, as soon as humans could force others to do their labor for them, they took advantage of this. Thousands of examples

Essay The Effectiveness of Wittes Economic Reform in Russia

The Effectiveness of Wittes Economic Reform in Russia When Sergei Witte became minister of finance in Russia in 1892 he recognised that the economy had to be modernised if Russia was to become a world power on a par with the west. The Industrial Revolution that had taken place in the west had led to its massive economic growth and an increase in power and Empire building. Being able to buy cheap, raw materials like oil and coal from Russia fuelled part of the west’s industrial revolution. Witte decided that Russia needed state Capitalism to modernise. He borrowed capital and encouraged investment from the west and large factories began to produce heavy industry like steel. Witte imposed†¦show more content†¦Wittes economic policy seemed to be working as by 1897 the Russian currency, the Rouble, was put on the Gold Standard which gave it value in exchange with other currencies. But there were other problems that were beginning to undermine Wittes visions for a successful economy. Although a brilliant mind, Witte was not an easy man to get on with and he was not popular with the Tsarist court or the government. Change was resisted and Witte had no support for his vision of a richer, more powerful, modernised Russia. There was also conflict with the military commanders who pushed their needs for transport and military hardware to the top of the economic agenda. These conflicts interfered with Wittes plans and so by the time of the Great Trade Recession at the turn of the century, critics could identify three major weaknesses in his economic reform. Witte paid To drive his economic reform through without support or interest from the Tsarist court or the government Witte (who was German) brought in many experienced foreign industrialist and capital from the west to manage and finance his projects. This was not at all popular with the Tsar or Russia who did not trust him. Wittes industrial projects were always large and on a grand scale. He failed to nurture light engineering projects which would have helped to moderniseShow MoreRelatedStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pages75 77 79 79 80 81 86 88 89 101 102 104 107 109 Stage One: Where are we now? Strategic and marketing analysis 2 Marketing auditing and the analysis of capability 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Learning objectives Introduction Reviewing marketing effectiveness The role of SWOT analysis Competitive advantage and the value chain Conducting effective audits Summary 3 Segmental, productivity and ratio analysis 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 Learning objectives Introduction The clarification

Learn More About Inventer Thomas Elkins

Dr. Thomas Elkins, an African-American inventor, was a pharmacist and respected member of the Albany community. An abolitionist, Elkins was the secretary of the Vigilance Committee. As the 1830s drew to a close and the decade of the 1840s began, committees of citizens were formed all across the north with the intention of protecting fugitive slaves from re-enslavement. As slave catchers sought fugitives vigilance committees provided legal assistance, food, clothing, money, sometimes employment, temporary shelter and assisted fugitives in making their way toward freedom. Albany had a vigilance committee in the early 1840s and into the 1850s. Thomas Elkins - Patents and Inventions An improved  refrigerator  design was patented by Elkins on November 4, 1879. He designed the device to help people have a way of preserving perishable foods. At that time, the common way of keeping food cold was to place items in a large container and surround them with large blocks of ice. Unfortunately, the ice generally melted very quickly and the food soon perished. One unusual fact about Elkins refrigerator was that it was also designed to chill human corpses. An improved chamber commode (toilet) was patented by Elkins on January 9, 1872. Elkins commode was a combination bureau, mirror, book-rack, washstand, table, easy chair, and chamber stool. It was a very unusual piece of furniture. On February 22, 1870, Elkins invented a combined dining, ironing table, and quilting frame. The Refrigerator Elkins patent was for an insulated cabinet into which ice is placed to cool the interior. As such, it was a refrigerator only in the old sense of the term, which included non-mechanical coolers. Elkins acknowledged in his patent that, I am aware that chilling substances enclosed within a porous box or jar  by wetting its outer surface is an old and well-known process.   Unique Folding Table A patent was also issued to Elkins on February 22, 1870, for a Dining, Ironing Table and Quilting Frame Combined (No. 100,020). The table seems to be little more than a folding table. The Commode The Minoans of Crete are said to have invented a flush toilet thousands of years ago; however, there is probably no direct ancestral relationship between it and the modern one that evolved primarily in England starting in the late 16th century, when Sir John Harrington devised a flushing device for his godmother Queen Elizabeth. In 1775, Alexander Cummings patented a toilet in which some water remained after each flush, thereby suppressing odors from below. The water closet continued to evolve, and in 1885, Thomas Twyford provided us with a single-piece ceramic toilet similar to the one we know today. In 1872, a U.S. patent was issued to Elkins for a new article of chamber furniture which he designated a Chamber Commode (Patent No. 122,518). It provided a combination of a bureau, mirror, book-rack, washstand, table, easy chair, and earth-closet or chamber-stool, which might otherwise be constructed as several separate articles.

Analysis Of The Book Behind The Beautiful Forevers By...

Corruption in Poor Communities The book Behind the Beautiful Forevers by Katherine Boo, addresses the corruption of a slum in India called Annawadi. Annawadi is a small, poor area in the shadows of luxurious hotels and an airport near Mumbai. The poor community struggles to make a living and hold on to a hope of one day reaching success since India is improving economically. As India is improving economically, Annawadi seems to stay the same because of the people who abuse their power and take money from the poor. People there are being held back by the unfairness that they will not be able to have a better life. Laws are not enforced in poor communities because it causes corruption in both the establishment and in the people. There is little or no government regulation, giving power to people to make their own laws. The police have power over the people in slums by charging them unfair fees when they get arrested. There is no law saying they should be able to do that, but th ere is no government intervention to stop it. â€Å"The idea was to get terrified prisoners to pay everything they had, and everything they could secure from a money lender, to stop a false criminal charge from being recorded. Beatings, though outlawed the human rights code, were practical, as they increased the price that detainees would pay for their release†(107). People that live in the slums tend to avoid socializing with others because of the fear of beingShow MoreRelatedA Cultural Analysis Of Katherine Boo s Behind The Beautiful Forevers1728 Words   |  7 PagesEssay A Cultural Analysis of Katherine Boo’s Behind The Beautiful Forevers INTRODUCTION Culture: â€Å"the customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group† (Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary, definition 5b). In her book Behind The Beautiful Forevers, Katherine Boo examines issues of culture, integrating them into a unique, nonfiction work. Ms. Boo—an award winning journalist—uses her life experiences as well as the culture and setting of the book to influence theRead MoreBehind the Beautiful Forevers Analysis1198 Words   |  5 Pageswritings of the slums that surround the luxury hotels of Mumbai’s airport are very, very real. Katherine Boo’s book â€Å"Behind the Beautiful Forevers – Life, Death, and Hope in a Mumbai Undercity† does not attempt to solve problems or be an expert on social policy; instead, Boo provides the reader with an objective window into the battles between extremities of wealth and poverty. â€Å"Behind the Beautiful Forevers,† then, exposes the paucity and corruption prevalent within India. Boo’s story begins in AnnawadiRead MoreInvestment and Economic Moats46074 Words   |  185 PagesT LITTLE BOO K HE THAT BUILDS WEALTH The Knockout Formula for Finding Great Investments PAT DORSEY FOREWORD BY JOE MANSUETO FOUNDER, CHAIRMAN, AND CEO OF MORNINGSTAR, INC. John Wiley Sons, Inc. ffirs.indd v 2/1/08 12:55:38 PM ffirs.indd iv 2/1/08 12:55:38 PM T K H LITTLE BOO E THAT BUILDS WEALTH ffirs.indd i 2/1/08 12:55:36 PM Little Book Big Profits Series In the Little Book Big Profits series, the brightest icons in the financial

Sources of Capital Owner’s Equity Free Essays

Owner’s Equity as a Source of Capital Sources of capital come in two forms: debt and equity. Obtaining permanent capital through equity is the capital supplied by the entity’s owners. It is the owner’s share in the financing of all the assets. We will write a custom essay sample on Sources of Capital: Owner’s Equity or any similar topic only for you Order Now Richard Scott, United States accounting professor wrote, â€Å"one of the most deep-seated, and incontrovertible concepts embraced by accounting theory today is that of owner’s equity. † Through analysis of the case, we found this to be true. There are different financing costs both a company and its investors face when considering equity financing. It is strangely fascinating that often times, equity financing becomes more costly than debt financing. The analysis of opportunity for both sides of the transaction, financier and debtor, requires multiple formulas and calculations. Options for financing vary in pre-tax earnings and return on investment. For this reason, the options should be thoroughly analyzed to find the best yield for both parties, company and investor. Innovative Engineering Company was founded as a partnership, and within five years became a thriving business bringing with it both success and the need for new permanent capital. The two partners, Gale and Yeaton, estimated the capital need at $1. 2 million. Initially, the partners found interested investors, but none willing to risk their personal assets by participating in a partnership. Though incorporation is more costly and subject to numerous regulations, it provides limited liability to its investors and the ability to raise capital through bonds and stock. The partners planned to form a corporation to secure investors. Under incorporation, owner’s equity becomes stockholder’s equity. The two types of equity are purchased equity, consisting of preferred stock, common stock, and paid in capital, and that of earned equity, also referred to as retained earnings. The later represents profits earned by the company and retained in the business. Owner’s equity is shown on the balance sheet and within the statement of owner’s equity in a company’s financial statements, and is most commonly influenced by income and dividends. Four proposals were developed to attempt to meet the needs of investors in the Innovative Engineering case and the two original partners struggled to maintain ownership control. Proposal A includes a $1. million long-term loan, giving Arbor Capital Corporation 10% common stock. Proposal B includes $200,000 debt, $900,000 preferred stock, and $100,000 common stock. Proposal C includes $600,000 debt, $600,000 equity with 40% common stock. Proposal D includes $300,000 debt, $900,000 equity with 50% common stock. Calculating the impli cations of each proposal is necessary to seek further investors and find the best option for both sides of the transaction. Gale and Yeaton assumed an interest cost of debt at 8% and a dividend rate for preferred stock at 10%. They also assumed pessimistic, best guess, and optimistic variables. The applicable tax rate is 34%. The return on common shareholder’s equity earned under each of the three income assumptions is as follows: Proposal A: Debt = $1,100,000 Taxes= 34% Payment on Debt = $1,100,000(. 08) = $88,000 Common Stock = $1,000,000 Pessimistic NI – Interest Expense+ Tax Savings/Common Stock = $100,000 – 88,000+34,000 = 46,000/1,000,000 = 4. 6% Best Guess $300,000-88,000+102,000 = 314,000/1,000,000 = 31. 4% Optimistic $500,000 – 88,000+170,000 = 514,000/1,000,000 = 51. 4% Proposal B: Debt = $200,000 Payment on Debt = $200,000(. 08) = $16,000 Preferred Stock = $900,000 Dividend Payment for Preferred Stock = $900,000(. 0) = $90,000 Common Stock = $100,000 Common Shareholder’s equity = 1,000,000 Taxes = 34% Pessimistic NI-Interest Expense-Preferred Div+ Tax Savings/Common Stock $100,000-16,000-90,000+34000 = 28,000/1,000,000 = 2. 8% Best Guess $300,000-16,000-90,000+ 102,000= 296,000/1,000,000 = 29. 6% Optimistic $500,000-16,000-90,00 0+170,000 = 564,000/1,000,000 = 56. 4% Proposal C: Debt = $600,000 Payment on Debt = $48,000 Common Stock = $1,500,000 Taxes = 34% Pessimistic NI-Interest Expense+Tax Savings/Common Stock $100,000-48,000+34,000 = 86,000/1,500,000 = 5. 7% Best Guess $300,000-48,000+102,000 = 354,000/1,500,000 =23. 6% Optimistic 500,000-48,000+170,000 = 622,000/1,500,000 = 41. 47% Proposal D: Debt = $300,000 Common Stock = $1,800,000 Taxes = 34% Pessimistic NI-Debt+Tax Savings/Common Stock $100,000-24,000+34,000 = 110,000/1,800,000 = 6. 1% Best Guess $300,000-24,000+102,000 = 378000/1,800,000= 21% Optimistic $500,000-24,000+170,000 = 646,000/1,800,000 = 35. 89% From this, we see proposal D is the optimal investment strategy for Arbor Capital Corporation. The three income assumptions provide higher returns at a more constant rate than the other proposals. For Innovative Engineering Company, proposals A and B are more ideal for meeting their control needs. For a further analysis of earnings, the pre-tax earnings and return on investment are calculated as follows: Pre-Tax = 100,000 / (1-. 34) = 151,515. 15 Proposal A: Debt = $1,100,000 Common Stock = $100,000 Interest = $88,000 Dividend = $21,200 Pre-Tax Earnings = $109,200 (sum – common stock and debt) Return on Investment = 9% (pre-tax earnings / $1,200,000) Proposal B: Debt = $200,000 Preferred Stock = $900,000 Common Stock = $100,000 Interest = $16,000 Preferred Dividend =$90,000 Common Dividend =$10,000 Pre-Tax Earnings = -$64,000 Return on Investment = -5% Proposal C: Debt = $600,000 Common Stock = $600,000 Interest = $48,000 Common Dividend = $240,000 Pre-Tax Earnings = $288,000 Return on Investment = 24% Proposal D: Debt =$300,000 Common Stock = $900,000 Interest = $24,000 Common Dividend = $450,000 Pre-Tax Earnings = $474,000 Return on Investment = 40% Again, proposal D shows the most promise for Arbor Capital Corporation, with larger pre-tax earnings and a greater return on investment. Innovative Engineering Company is in a good position and has options. They should not consider proposal B. Proposal A will give them greater control over the company but comes with large debt financing and is risky. They should consider other investors and should look at options such as warrants. They should further research their options for a large loan. We have found debt financing can be cheaper than equity financing and should be considered. We are certain Innovative Engineering Company could find more attractive financing than proposal D. They should have more options, because their need is success driven versus a start-up company. From outside research we have found there is a natural definition of market efficiency relating capital stock and investment flow. Obviously, equity finance should not be used if it becomes more expensive than debt financing. The company can create value by managing these sources of capital, finding an optimal balance of both. Works Cited Anthony, R. N. , Hawkins, D. F. Merchant, K. A. (2007). Accounting Text Cases (12th ed. ). Boston: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Frieden, Roy (2010). â€Å"Asymmetric information and economics. † Physica A. Volume 389 Issue 2. Scott, Richard (1979). â€Å"Owner’s Equity, The Anachronistic Element. † The Accounting Review. Volume 4. How to cite Sources of Capital: Owner’s Equity, Essay examples

Leadership A Critical Perspective Management Functions

Question: Describe about the Leadership A Critical Perspective for Management Functions. Answer: Introduction Leadership is an important function of management that provides direction to the organization and helps in achieving organizational goals and objectives. The importance of leaders in an organization cannot be debated as it forms the backbone of any organization and all the important decisions are taken by them. Moreover, there are different leadership styles being practices by different leaders that depends on their personality and organizational objectives. However, there are certain qualities or personal traits that are inherent to leaders and distinguish the leaders from any other ordinary person (DuBois et al., 2015). This assignment, therefore, analyses some of the most important qualities that makes a successful leader. Leadership Qualities One of the most important qualities of an effective leader is communication skills. It is the responsibility of the leaders to develop strategies for the organization. However, these strategies need to be communicated to the employees for their incorporation and effective execution. Good communication skills are a perquisite of an effective leader, as they always have to work among and with people within and outside of the organization. Communication skills are important to build one on one relationship with all the stakeholders of the organization. Furthermore, important management functions such as communicating organizational objectives, motivating employees, gaining feedback and the like requires effective communication from the leaders. Therefore, it is important that leaders develop directive and assertative communication style as well as positive body language to express their ideas or perceptive effectively to the target audiences. In addition, the leaders must be able to gen erate the desired responses from the employees through strong and effective communication (Northouse, 2015). Another important characteristic that a leader must possess is the ability to motivate others. Motivation is important for employees in order to enhance job satisfaction and thereby increasing the efficiency of the human resource within the organization. Motivation plays an important role in organizational success and it is the responsibility of leaders to continually motivate and encourage their subordinates (Goethals et al., 2014). An effective leader is considered to be the one who is able to motivate employees at all times and is able to align individual objectives of employees, teams, or departments with organizational objectives. Further, in order to motivate employees leaders must be able to eliminate any job related conflict, must take quick decisions to resolve any conflict situation and treat their employees with due respect. There are many tools made available at the disposal of leaders that can be employed to motivate subordinates. The leaders must be able to identify the gap and reasons in performance and accordingly employ monetary and/or non-monetary means to motivate employees. Leaders must reward employees and gain periodic feedbacks in order to keep them motivated and to better understood their motivation needs (Avolio Yammarino, 2013). Further, honesty and trustworthiness is another important quality that a successful leader possesses. Leaders are seen as a brand ambassador for their organization and employees regard them as individuals of high professional and personal calibre. Therefore, it is important for leaders to exhibit high moral and ethical traits and set an example for the employees to follow. Leaders provide direction to the employees to achieve organizational goals. A leader that indulges in immoral or unethical business practices to achieve success and personal gains is least likely to command respect from sub-ordinates. Therefore, a leader should have superior moral calibre, values, and personal and professional integrity. An effective leader treats their subordinates with adequate respect, integrity and practices the philosophy of equity and fairness. A leader is the role model for their employees and should exude the importance of enterprise, persistence to excel, dedication and high moral standard s in all aspects of life (DuBrin, 2015). Decision making skills is another important aspect that greatly influences leaders effectiveness. Business organizations are highly dynamic and evolving entity; therefore, it is important for the leader to have a holistic view of the current issues as well as future challenges that organization would have to face. In this context, leaders must be pragmatic and analytical in their approach and must be capable enough to make difficult decisions in times of crisis. Further, no organization can succeed if their leaders do not understand the cause and effect of decisions taken by them. Foresightedness, determination and clarity of objectives plays an important role in making effective decisions and a good leader exhibits these qualities while making a decision. It is the responsibility of leaders to provide direction and guidance to the employees; therefore, it is important for leaders to take right decision at the right time. Moreover, leaders effectiveness is judged by their ability to take quick decisions when encountered with challenging problems in adverse conditions (Shapiro Stefkovich, 2016).Therefore, it can be said that decision-making is an important quality that characterizes a leader. Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be concluded that successful leaders have certain qualities and skill sets that distinguishes them from other people. Some of the traits that enable a leader to be successful are communication skills, motivation, honesty and integrity, and decision-making capabilities. A good leader exhibits assertive communication style, is always motivated, follows honesty and integrity in all walks of life and have exceptional decision-making skills. References Avolio, B. J., Yammarino, F. J. (Eds.). (2013).Transformational and charismatic leadership: The road ahead. Emerald Group Publishing. DuBois, M., Hanlon, J., Koch, J., Nyatuga, B., Kerr, N. (2015). Leadership Styles of Effective Project Managers: Techniques and Traits to Lead High Performance Teams.Journal of Economic Development, Management, IT, Finance, and Marketing,7(1), 30. DuBrin, A. J. (2015).Leadership: Research findings, practice, and skills. Nelson Education. Goethals, G., Allison, S., Kramer, R., Messick, D. (Eds.). (2014).Conceptions of leadership: Enduring ideas and emerging insights. Springer. Northouse, P. G. (2015).Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. Shapiro, J. P., Stefkovich, J. A. (2016).Ethical leadership and decision making in education: Applying theoretical perspectives to complex dilemmas. Routledge.

Knowing Minds Of Others Essays - Philosophy, Cognitive Science

Knowing Minds of Others Is it possible to know what is going on in another person's mind? I wouldn't say that it is possible to know what is going on in another person's mind, but I would say that you can have a pretty good idea of what is going on in their mind. I don't think that there is any possibility that anyone could know what is going on in someone else's mind without having that person be hooked up to some kind of electrical devise that outputs what is going on in their mind. Then and only then do I think that that is the only way someone can tell what someone else is thinking. With the example of having a pretty good idea of what is going on in someone else's head; I have three friends that are girls and they are pretty much inseparable, but when they are apart they always know what the other one is doing and have a pretty good idea of what they are thinking and doing at that particular time. They know each other so well that they can finish each others sentences, just look at each other and know what the other one is probably thinking, and kind of sense what the other one is thinking and might do. Going back to the question of being able to know what is going on in another person's mind; Like I said before, I don't believe that there is a way that someone can possibly know what is going on in another person's mind. Of course, people will say that there are psychics that can know what is going on in someone else's mind or be able to know of things that only that person would know. This is all fake because psychics have a way of luring out things from people and making them think that they know things about them or know what they are thinking or feeling. I have some really good friends that I have know all of my life, and we know pretty much everything about each other. Even though we know so much about each other, there is no way that any of us could know what is going on in each other's mind. Of course, we can have a pretty good idea of what each other is thinking, but we can't know what the other person or person's is thinking. I mean, there are times when someone has asked us a question and one of us has answered for all of us because of the fact that we know each other so well and we know the other people would say or how they would respond. But that doesn't mean that you know what someone else is thinking, that only mean that you probably know the other people to well. Let's say that you have to go and get something for one of your friend's birthday; so some of your friends and you go out and find something. You all know of what he/she likes and when you are out shopping you see many things, but then you always seem to find something that always sticks out and this something is what you and your friends all know your other friend will like, because you know just about everything about your friend and what he/she likes. Everyone has been in situations where they try to look a certain way or act a certain way around people to make those people think a certain way about them. They worry too much about what others may think about them, they try to figure out what others are thinking and this is impossible. Some times people try to figure out what is going on in another person's mind by looking at them. Facial expressions show greatly what people are feeling and these feelings are related to the thoughts going on in other people's minds. But, you can never totally rely on the facial expressions of people to tell you what is going on in their minds. Some people hide their true feelings behind these faces and display the opposite or whatever seems to fit the situation. If you really know the person really good, these facial expressions don't do them any good. Sometimes body expressions can show or tell what is going on in another person's mind. The way people use their hands and body display what is going on in their minds and this is a way to

Roosevelt was bold Essay Example

Roosevelt was bold Essay Example Roosevelt was bold Essay Roosevelt was bold Essay We will review this statement and in conclusion we will agree or disagree with it. Using the sources to support and justify our argument. Roosevelt succeeded Hoover as President, on his assassination in 1901. Roosevelt became very popular and became famous for tackling business monopolies, and initiating the conservation of natural resources to cut down on unemployment. He also won the Nobel Peace Prize. He was born to a wealthy, upper class merchant and was well educated and attended Harvard where he developed political interests. There is no doubt and we can immediately agree with the first three points of the title because Roosevelt was certainly a bold man however the last, but he was not bold enough, is thoroughly disputable and can be argued with the use of the sources. When we look at source A we can not extract much useful information in relevance to the title. The letter is an extremely small example of the 5000 to 8000 letters that Roosevelt received every day. The letter is from a citizen euphorically thanking the president for stopping the reposition of their house. This shows that Roosevelt had support and was interested in the community. Also it shows that the Roosevelt US is a good place but it does not show anything about how bold FDR was. The source is a reliable primary source and so is reliable but does not show us anywhere near the whole picture. The source is also not useful because it bears no resemblance to the title but does show some aspects of Roosevelt and his popularity. Source B is photographic and so is totally reliable although is subtly limited by its medium. The picture is also probably a propaganda piece showing the caring president taken the effort to spend time with the poor, working class. It was taken at a time when unemployment was at an all time high and it shows the people the good effect of the new deal employment schemes. It shows that he was bold appearing in public with the working class and mixing classes as he was from an upper class family. Everyone is smiling in the photo, which projects a good image of the president. The photo shows that FDR was bold but shows no limits to this boldness. The graph in source B is the first good example of Roosevelts boldness. The unemployment levels peak in 1933 at the time of the Wall Street crash and also around the time that FDR came to power. Roosevelt is bold enough to spend very much state money on employment schemes in his new deal and this works because the levels of unemployment fall, not dramatically but slowly. He keeps up this government spending until 1937 and at this point he cuts the funds and the unemployment figures rise sharply. This completely agrees with the title. It shows that he was bold to spend the money on these schemes and he told everyone what he was doing, but as soon as the situation had improved he was not bold enough to keep up the funding on the employment schemes. This source is reliable because it is totally compiled of facts. It is also useful because it shows each aspect of the title and agrees with it. The next source, D is an example of the opposition to Roosevelt in the form of unemployment and benefit figures. The company would have published this document to raise an opposition against FDR. The problem that this American company clearly has with the presidency is the fact that acts were passed to disenable companies to employ any form of cheap labour in the form of child labour or pensioners. They are also getting at the fact and are making out that Roosevelt is a lazy public school boy who would prefer to be fishing than running the country. This shows that Roosevelt was bold to bring in these acts to prevent cheap labour but does not show that he was not bold enough. This source is not reliable because it uses fictional figures. It does however have the use of showing us the mood of employers in and around 1936 but this bears little relevance to the question. Next we can see that source E is clearly reliable and factual clearly from the fact that it is taken from a textbook. Although an American text book there is no market for a non-factual, bias textbook. In this source it speaks of care and confidence, which are both, characterised in boldness. It supports the second phrase in the title by speaking of his fireside chats press conferences and endless mail. We can see communication and boldness in this source there appears to be no lack of boldness. This source is extremely useful and because it is so reliable it can almost singularly back up my argument. It is certain and made even clearer with the use of these few sources that Roosevelt was definitely a bold man. We can also now say though in conclusion that there is no evidence in these sources that there was any limitation to Roosevelts boldness and courage. We can safely say therefore that; Roosevelt was bold. He told people what he was going to do. And he did it.

The Strength and Thickness of Carbon Fiber Cloth

The Strength and Thickness of Carbon Fiber Cloth Carbon fiber is the backbone of lightweight composites. Understanding what carbon fiber cloth is required knowing the manufacturing process and composite industry terminology. Below you will find information on carbon fiber cloth and what the different product codes and styles mean. Carbon Fiber Strength It needs to be understood that all carbon fiber is not equal. When the carbon is manufactured into fibers, special additives and elements are introduced to increase strength properties. The primary strength property that carbon fiber is judged upon, is modulus. Carbon is manufactured into tiny fibers through either the PAN or Pitch process. The carbon is manufactured in bundles of thousands of tiny filaments and wound onto a roll or bobbin. There are three major categories of raw carbon fiber: High Modulus Carbon Fiber (Aerospace Grade)Intermediate Modulus Carbon FiberStandard Modulus Carbon Fiber (Commercial Grade) Although we might come in contact with aerospace grade carbon fiber on an aircraft, such as the new 787 Dreamliner, or see it in a Formula 1 car on TV; the majority of us will likely come in contact with commercial grade carbon fiber more frequently. Common uses of commercial grade carbon fiber include: Sporting goodsCar hoods and aftermarket partsAccessories, like iPhone cases Each manufacturer of raw carbon fibers has their own nomenclature of the grade. For example, Toray Carbon Fiber calls their commercial grade T300, while Hexcels commercial grade is called AS4. Carbon Fiber Thickness As previously mentioned, raw carbon fiber is manufactured in tiny filaments (around 7 microns), these filaments are bundled into rovings which are wound onto spools. The spools of fiber are later used directly in processes like pultrusion or filament winding, or they can be woven into fabrics. These carbon fiber rovings are comprised of thousands of filaments and are almost always a standard amount. These are: 1,000 c (1k carbon fiber)3,000 filaments (3k carbon fiber)6,000 filaments (6k carbon fiber)12,000 filaments (12k carbon fiber) This is why if you hear an industry professional talking about carbon fiber, they might say, I am using a 3k T300 plain weave fabric. Well, now you will know that they are using a carbon fiber fabric that is woven with Toray standard modulus CF fiber, and it is using fiber that has 3,000 filaments per strand. It should go without saying then, that the thickness of a 12k carbon fiber roving will be twice that of a 6k, four times as a 3k, etc. Due to efficiencies in manufacturing, a thicker roving with more filaments, such as a 12k strand, is usually less expensive per pound than a 3k of equal modulus. Carbon Fiber Cloth Spools of carbon fiber are taken to a weaving loom, where the fibers are then woven into fabrics. The two most common types of weaves are plain weave and twill. Plain weave is a balanced checker board pattern, where each strand goes over then under each strand in the opposite direction. Whereas a twill weave looks like a wicker basket. Here, each strand goes over one opposing strand, then under two. Both twill and plain weaves have an equal amount of carbon fiber going each direction, and their strengths will be very similar. The difference is primarily an aesthetic appearance. Every company that weaves carbon fiber fabrics will have their own terminology. For example, a 3k plain weave by Hexcel is called HexForce 282, and is commonly called 282 (two eighty-two) for short. This fabric has 12 strands of 3k carbon fiber per inch, in each direction.

Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 11

Music - Essay Example The dynamics of this section are very quiet, often referred to as pianissimo. Keyboard instruments and lack of singer’s voice identify the section’s timbre. The sections pitch is low. The second section begins after one minute and fifty seconds and ends three minutes into the song. The dynamics in this section are moderately quiet, referred as mezzo piano. The timbre in this section is different since the singer’s voice and string instruments are introduced. The pitch is moderately low (Sigman and Bonfà ¡, 2009).  . The third section starts after the third minute and ends after four minutes and twenty seconds. The dynamics of this section are moderately quiet – mezzo piano. String instruments are maintained which maintains unity with the previous section. However, there is no singer’s voice. The last section’s dynamics are moderately loud, known as mezzo forte. The singer’s voice and keyboard instruments characterize timbre in this section. The pitch is moderately high. This piece is designed for an ensemble. This is because it contains four different section, each with a different idea. It also comprises of different instruments and vocals. The closest musical style to this piece is acoustic or folk-rock (Sigman and Bonfà ¡, 2009).  . This is because the dynamics range from very quiet to moderately loud. The instruments used are keyboarding instruments and string instruments, which are also, used in acoustic music styles. This piece could be for education

How should U.S. define its security interests and implement a plan for Essay

How should U.S. define its security interests and implement a plan for advancing them in the Middle East, Whats the Army's role in U.S. Strategy - Essay Example It is important to note that the model for fighting terrorism in the modern times involves the use of the influence that the US has on other nations as well as the national power. This means that the US employs military power, financial intelligence, diplomatic power and law enforcement operations to protect their home country and promote their defenses, deprive the terror groups off the resources that are required for their activities and end their terror activities. Their strategy should focus on getting a better understanding of the enemy. From the start, the US had acknowledged the fact that the war against terror involves understanding the nature of the terrorist factions in the Middle East region, where they get their strength and resources from (Serena 48). This will contribute positively to their strategy in bringing terror activities to an end as well as fighting the deep-rooted ideologies that result in the establishment of such groups. It has been observed that the US has made significant steps in fighting terrorism in the region by capturing some of the masterminds behind such groups. It should not relent in its efforts to establish effective democratic organizations in the region and work towards establishing human liberty in the region. The foreign aid approach should be employed towards promoting the US interests in the Middle East (Keegan 57). This is because the war torn nations require funds to establish democratic institutions as well as settle its citizens in safe environments. In this way, the US can find a lasting solution for the Middle East. The army is at an important point. This is due to the fact that in the past years it has channeled its processes and resources in two major wars which evolved into stability and counterinsurgency operations. This led to the adoption of the Army Force Generation framework, refocused

Peter Principle in Human Resources Management

Peter Principle in Human Resources Management Peter Principle can be defined in these words such as; Peter Principle is a well-known principle in Human Resources Management according to that in a hierarchy people tend to rise to their level of incompetence (citation). Accordingly when employee is promoted to higher rank, he or she inclines to become less competent because competence of an employee in one rank does not ensure his or her competence in another higher one. This principle was presented by the professor Dr. Laurence J. Peter and also named after him, who formulated this observation in his book The Peter Principle. Overview In a Hierarchy, Every Employee Tends to Rise to His Level of Incompetence (citation) is the main core of the Peter Principle that was popularized by Dr. Laurence J. Peter and Raymond Hull in their book, which is actually seems an amusing piece of writing. In their book they also introduced one more concept of salutary science of Hierarchiology, unintentionally established by Peter. This concept illustrates that in a hierarchy, members are promoted so long as they work competently. Sooner or later they are promoted to a position at which they are no longer competent (their level of incompetence), and there they remain, being unable to earn further promotions (citation). The concept of Hierarchiology is theoretically authentic. According to this concept Peter explains that every rank in a Hierarchy is inclined to be occupied by an incompetent employee who is not capable to effectively perform his duties, he also said, the work is done by those people who have not yet touched the height of their incompetence. What does incompetence mean is a question to be identified? To describe incompetence it is considered that an incompetent is an individual who is delineated by his oversight. This description requires explanation, though every person can commit occasional mistakes or wrong decision or fail in assessment but this is not incompetence. It turns into incompetence when failure becomes the habit and the person is attributed by this habit whether it would be the sub-standard performance in dozens of projects, or ones individual catastrophe that demolish ones popularity. Each instance, when others start attributing one with these characteristics, he would be regarded an incompetent person. Moreover, if people start defining someone by his mistakes, then he would be definitely an incompetent one. According to the one research conducted by a professor and psychologist Justin Kruger, Nobody is incompetent in everything. This defines that no one can rise to the standard of competence without being adapt at any number of basic skills as the most of people are not incompetent at a huge number of things. Contrary to this as no one is incompetent at everything likely no one is apt at everything and consequently according to the Peter Principle majority of the people will finish up in ranks for which we are not congenitally proficient. . As HR consultant Bill Catlette comments, All of us, at some things, at some point in our lives, are incompetent maybe at work, maybe at home (citation). It does not matter if this characterization is based upon peoples observation to define him actually an incompetent person, thus incompetence is defined as the inability of ones to do the job. This is not necessary that the exposed incompetence of an employee would be a result of the high ranking job promotion that would be more demanding. Despite that job is not the same as the previous one; the higher rank would demand the higher work skills which may not be possessed by the employee. For instance, an employee of the factory is competent and excellent in his job and it can cause promotion to the rank of manager, but at this point the skills and excellence that caused his promotion would not be applied to this new rank. A question arises here that are the incompetent employees aware of their incompetence? Certainly this incompetence is not only due to the modern workplace. However, the principle provides that in the hierarchy, promotions change proficient employees into incompetent superiors. Furthermore, incompetence begets incompetence (citation), Superiors who have poor judgment skill hand give assignments in the wrong hands, entrust sensitive objectives to them who can not effectively achieve those targets. Regardless of the growing popularity of the personality evaluation at workplace as mentioned above organizations keep hiring the incapable people in jobs. Consider all the cases about interacting with bosses who were not humane, at any stage, promoted to some higher rank as some individuals are not good material for being good managers, no concern how much they are qualified and conducting daylong seminars. The Peter Principle is a humoristic treatise which describes the drawbacks of the hierarchic administration. According to the actual statement of the principle in an administration hierarchically systemized, people tend to be promoted up to their level of incompetence. The Peter Principle provides with the observation that in an organization new employees are usually hired in the lower jobs but gradually when they prove themselves to be competent in the job in which they are primarily hired, they get elevated to a higher job. This system of ascending to the height of hierarchy can persistently continue till the time employee gets the rank where the employee is no longer competent (citation). At one point this process naturally ends, since the established principles of the organization make it difficult to reduce someone in rank, even though that person be adapt and much comfortable in previous lower rank. Consequently, it is apparent that most of the elevated ranks of the hierarchical structure are appointed by incompetent employees, on the basis of their previous work because they were quite better in doing different jobs than the one they are appointed. The generalization of the Peter Principle in not much distrustful in its insinuation, since evolution does not have the hierarchical inertia that promotes and sustains people in an inappropriate rank. But there will certainly remain the systems, which would be confronted by evolutionary problems, will rapidly fix the easy one, but incline to get stuck in serious problems. The more adaptive, fit, competent system is that, the more rapidly it will fix all the easy issues instead finally get stuck in all the complex issues. However, getting stuck in complex issues does not mean being unfit, it only describes that it has just touched the heights of its competence, and had great problem in advancing further. This also explains man, being most adaptive and complicated creatures, is still struggling for survival in its niches as much vigorously as is the most primitive organism, like bacteria. If any creature would have the ability to resolve its evolutionary problems in a whole then the Re d Queen Principle would ensure that new and comparatively harder problems would arise, therefore a creature would keep on struggle to balance on the edges of its sphere of incompetence. In a nutshell, it can be concluded, the generalization of Peter Principle presents that in evolution systems tend to reach the point of their adaptive competence. This concept is quite disturbing as according to the Peter Principle since every one tends to rise to his level of incompetence. This concept is usually overlooked by most senior managers since to confess it is to confess that they may also be at their own level of incompetence. Consequently the end result is that static organizations are most probable to have incompetent employees at many different levels in the organizational structure. Whereas in growing organization, new positions and employees are added fast enough that the consequences of the Peter Principle, which are expected unavoidable, are behind as long as the organization is continuously growing. Probably it requires some explanation regarding this concept such as if an organization imply this concept then how does an organization survive? What is observable is the work in this organization is being done by people who have not reached the level of their incompetence. Doctor Peter provides its explanation in the words that in time, every post tends to be occupied by an employee who is incompetent to carry out its duties (citation). In organizations when someone is perceived as incompetent one, he is promoted up, or to make vacancy for a competent employee. The new person replacing the incompetent one would not be at his level of incompetence and would be able to serve better as he is expected to do. The implication of this Principle, in my opinion, is not right. It is considerable that mentorship would discontinue the Peter Principle such as more training in new enhanced positions could bring positive results. According to the Peter Principle, appointing a new employee who can perform well would increase total productivity of the organization. This can be true but what should be done with the all people who reached the level of their incompetence? I find it morally and financially more appropriate to utilize the existing resources. Through providing enhanced relevant training and mentors utilization of the existing resources can be achieved well. In Peter Principle, Dr. Peter points out that people do not intend to be incompetent, but they are provided higher ranks that put them into their level of incompetence (citation). It is unexpected that a person knows that incompetence would happen ahead of time. Nevertheless, an offer is made to that employee because the management knows that this employee can execute this job better but such managers too are at their level of incompetence therefore they are making such poor decisions.

Ethical Responsibilities of Corporations Enron’s Downfall Essay

Ethical Responsibilities of Corporations; Enron’s Downfall Introduction            Enron, in the 1990’s was a premium company that had the much-coveted global stature that most company heads desire. It is considered the most innovative company in the United States of America. It was a change from the old industrial trend that other old and rusty enterprises and industries were used to; hard assets, in the favor of the much softer e-commerce business world. The company was a premium employer in the USA and the world, employing over 20,000 staff by the time of winding into bankruptcy, in 2001 (NPR). The company dealt in natural gas, electricity, pulp and paper and communication. A year before closure, the company was valued at $111 billion and had held the title-for six years running-of the most innovative company in America.            However, this valuation respect was based on falsehood. The company was discovered to have been operating a scandalous accounting fraud, orchestrated by systematic, institutionalized and creativity. Ironically, as it was named the most innovative company, which might have been true, but not in the upright way that it was perceived to be. This was but in underhand deals that its employees and management had mastered. What culminated into the ‘Enron Scandal’ has since become a frequently referred to a case of willful corruption and corporate fraud.            Companies and corporations, under the federal law, have a duty to their employees, consumers, the government and the environment in which they operate. To the government, corporations are supposed to ensure tax compliance and safety of production to citizens and environment. The firms and companies have a duty to protect their employees and provide safe work environment conditions for them so that all employees are always treated equitably and satisfactorily. Consumers have a right to accurate information regarding the products they purchase. The information is to provide at free will and is to guarantee consumer safety.            In Line with that responsibility as stated in the paragraph above, Enron management failed to safeguard their employees’ future and livelihoods in case their bubble burst. At the time Enron went bankrupt, Thousands of employees it had in its baskets were plunged into joblessness suddenly. This scandal involved even top government officials who were then shareholders. In the light of them knowing that Enron engaged in malpractices-they still were happy to take home the hefty dividends they got from the stock market gains.The Times Magazine talks about the top executives who enjoyed lots of privileges that even top CEOs envied. For example, Kenneth Lay, the Former Enron Chairman is said to have received a golden parachute worth $25 million and about $200 million in salaries since 1999 to its point of fall. Despite all that, he also enjoyed the access to about $7.5 million revolving credit line from Enron (Roston, 2002). Others who enjoyed such benefits include Jeffrey Skilling (former C.E.O), Duncan David (Former Anderson Partner), Nancy Temple (Anderson Lawyer), Thomas White (Secretary of the Army), and Sherron Watkins ( Former Enron Vice President).The government through the law has set up different commissions to ensure that these obligations are duly followed (example of one is the Federal Trade Commission (FTC)). FTC is charged with taking complaints about false business promises that turn out fraudulent, or cause harmful side effects to the consumers and forwarding them to investigation agencies for further action (Federal Trade Commission, 2014).            In the past, the things that brought down companies were far from cleverly crafted schemes such as what took place at Enron. The operation on the stock exchange while on a negative financial record and receiving probably more than their fair share of investments. Among other key ethical issues that had arisen in the past included racial profiling, product safety concerns, employee rights infringement and even environmental degradation. There have been lists each year of companies that should be shunned for disregard of ethics. For the past few years, companies such as ExxonMobil, Apple, Toyota, Trafigura, and recently Wal-Mart and Nestle had made headlines for breaking the crucial ethical rules.            The Federal Employees’ Compensation Act (FECA), establishes mechanisms for compensation of employees who are injured, or get any damages in the line of duty (Office of the Secretary, 2014). In the case where an employee was hit by a truck and laid off without compensation, is very inhumane act of the company’s executives.            The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) is set to be the benchmark for equitable pay distribution to all American employees. It provides guidelines for employment and wages to be paid to employees who are not exempted from work. Conditions have been set for certain jobs and age restrictions. These labor laws, for example, require that particular groups of people not work at certain times, and in particular professions, citing dangerous operations (Office of the Secretary, 2014). If the labor laws are followed to the letter, no employee will complain about unsatisfactory pay, as the minimum wage is set with all employees in mind and ensures a comfortable life away from welfare.            Kirk O. Hanson, a university professor at the University of Santa Clara, explains the ethical responsibilities of a corporate board. He lists five important points that are to be keenly upheld by any board of directors in order to ensure satisfaction from all quarters. Among other key assignments on a board, one of them is to understand the company’s ethical culture. Most board members are less involved with the day to day activities of their businesses, and to get feedback from employees, they rely on pro forma reports and complaint letters. It is their responsibility to investigate the validity of the reports and come up with disciplinary measures if need be (Hanson, 2014).            Business fair play is an important aspect of ensuring healthy and profitable competition among business people.            Such a supposition that they respect individual rights of association and expression and yet reject the idea of unionization is ridiculous. Under sections 7 and 8 of the National Labor Relations Act of the Federal constitution, employees are granted rights to make a join and take part in labor union activities. This is without any intimidation from employers, or punishments of any kind. All employees have a right to read, distribute and discuss matters of union membership during hours away from work. They are free to share the information with whomsoever they please. Once they decide on a group plan for whatever union, they have a right to ask their employer to recognize the specific union, bargain and complete any relevant requirements by the terms and condition. The employees have a right to display Union messages in whatsoever manner they please; be it caps, pins, T-shirts or whatever else available on the job or away from work.Company executives are not suppose d to profile any employees by forcible transfer, denial of benefits, pay rise or desirable assignments in effort to thwart employees’ quest to join or form a union. They are not to be harassed, threatened or dismissed from work if they support any union (Lisa Guerin, 2014). All in all, we do need quick solutions to problems such as these. It is not just an issue for the employees alone because it affects all American citizens, and per the house committee on education report.            General Electric, a company that was founded by Thomas Edison, has on many occasions received accused on several occasions of trying to monopolize the inventions by him. It is the current military contractor for war machinery. However, they have once been reported for facilitating the development of nuclear weapons. Nuclear weapons have long since been banned and are regulated by the international bodies. The purpose of such an undertaking should be investigated, and due punishment administered.            The American public should check indicators of unethical codes of conduct and shun such businesses. It will be a significant boost in fighting such a vice as it will prevent oppression of fellow citizens. If people followed such a trend, companies such as this would lack a ready market and might be forced to change the practices or close shop.            All firms that are established in corporate agreements uphold certain fundamental duties. In order to solve this massive crisis of ethics, law should be passed forcing private sectors to publish their financial reports in detail in the public dailies. The public should be trained to watch for companies that uphold employee rights and safety. These statements should be audited by government agencies for any lies. If the reports are found to be untrue, government should snatch such operators their licenses.            Companies and corporations that evade taxation of any kind should be imposed with huge fines. In order to shun such practices, and in extension, be barred from operating for a particular period of time and board members is investigated. If any allegations of misconduct are proven right, all board members should be forced to resign and take responsibility for their ineptness. Enron was a culprit in this category, avoiding any financial obligation it would have to offset to the government or anyone, provided that it was able to cover its tracks well.            On an opinion proposed from the Financial Times magazine, the graph of performance shows that the downfall was carefully planned. It seemed that most of the top echelons had long planned the exit, but it did not happen in the most expected way. The stock price came crashing in a year, from a cost of about $80 in January, the year 2001 to a tumbling zero by January in the year 2002.            In the Film Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room (Gibney, 2005), as based on the same name written by Bethany McLean, the Enron Disaster is the greatest disaster any company has witnessed in the whole of history. A crash in a year with more than seven corporate walking away from the mess with over 1 Billion US dollars. Investors and employees went down flat without any landing gear. This kind of corporate ethics gap left more Americans depending on the public for necessary handouts and relying on other meager means to survive. The Drama resembles a Greek tragedy and a show of the domino effect that could shape the face of the American ethical code and ultimately the economy for a long time into the future.Kenneth Lay, the company’s chief who had saved ib once before in the ‘80s and later taken over as C.E.O wielded so much influence In both the business and political circles. Probably out of the campaigns he had funded for the presidency among other le gislative dockets. In the Business circles, he was an enviable C.E.O, who was practically â€Å"untouchable†. But in the wake of the ethical backlash, all these attributes could not save his company from sinking to the bottom of the sea that is failed companies.            Ethics is more than just producing good products, supporting community initiatives and giving good salaries. Companies with a sound ethical background will go to extents to ensure consumer safety, business fair play and ensuring that employees who served diligently go home safe to retirement. Even after retiring, they will be entitled to the same happiness they had while working for the same company, and health.            All corporations that breach conduct on ethics should be nationalized in order to safeguard the interests of the public. Its owners should then be duly compensated and never allowed to start any other business within the country. Such a law will instill fear and caution among those who have a penchant for breaking the law.            Consumers and the government need to be careful about safeguarding the economic environments. Since any turmoil could lead to financial turmoil like it did with the instability of some few big companies in the early 2000s that lead to the 2007-2009 global financial crunch. The government can help by sealing off all loopholes that could allow any forms of corruption while the consumers could channel their money to the right businesses.            If we all stopped buying brands that do not have its people at heart, all companies and many other manufacturers would forcefully comply duly with laws of labor, taxation, and biosafety. We will have a better world where many Americans and people around the world can eat by their sweat, as opposed to having jobs but still relying on welfare for upkeep. References Federal Trade Commission. (2014). Bureau of Consumer Protection. Retrieved December 06, 2014, from Federal Trade Commission: http://www.ftc.gov/about-ftc/bureaus-offices/bureau-consumer-protectionGibney, A. (Director). (2005). Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room [Motion Picture]. Hanson, K. O. (2014, August 14). Business Ethics in the News. Retrieved Dec 06, 2014, from Santa Clara University: http://www.scu.edu/ethics-center/ethicsblog/business-ethics-news.cfmLisa Guerin, J. (2014). The Right to Unionize. Retrieved December 06, 2014, from NOLO For all: http://www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/free-books/employee-rights-book/chapter15-7.htmlNPR. (n.d.). The Fall of Enron. Retrieved Feb 4, 2015, from http://www.npr.org/news/specials/enron/Office of the Secretary. (2014). Summary of the Major Laws of the Department of Labor. Retrieved December 06, 2014, from United States Department of Labor: http://www.dol.gov/opa/aboutdol/lawsprog.htmRoston, E. (2002, Jan 22). The Enron Players. Time . Source document