Debate on Child Labor - 2818 Words

Pro: Child Labor The majority of people’s opinion on the idea of child labor is derived from the images in the media. They are only exposed to the horrible images of adolescents working very dangerous and degrading jobs and from this they are quick to side with the elimination of child labor. What many people are not aware of is the necessity for child labor in many developing countries. Our paper outlines the causes of child labor and the need for children to work in many countries, the unseen benefits of these children working, and the action that our company intends to take. Two of the main causes of child labor throughout developing nations are poverty and a limited access to education. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs is a theory†¦show more content†¦Our company could fire these children and implement the age requirements of the US, but the reality of the situation is that these countries do not have the means to support our requirements. The evident alternative to working is school so that children can have a brighter future. If by dismissing them from work, they can go straight into a nice, well-staffed school, that’d be great, but more than likely this is not the case. In India’s case, the educational system is not of good quality and is lacking necessary resources to function optimally. One study found that â€Å"teachers lack teaching kits in 67 percent of rural primary schools, that 89 percent of rural primary schools do not have a toilet, and that 25 percent of teachers were not in school when they were supposed to be teaching. That same study estimated that if all children†¦actually attended, there would be 113 pupils per classroom† (eJournal USA). This is why parents often find the benefit of sending their children to work: shaping their morals, building character, and learning a trade, to exceed the costs of sending them through school. Although organizations like UNICEF and ILO ar e funding the establishment of better school systems in these developing countries, there is only so many that this helps; the vast number of remaining children and families are left to hope that aid will come their way (Vaknin). With the change of the minimum working age, families who have children working in theShow MoreRelatedThe Amendment And The Congressional Apportionment Amendment1285 Words   |  6 Pagesdid not make the cut were either later rewritten or forgotten completely but here in this paper all six will be looked at and analyzed. The six amendments are Congressional Apportionment Amendment, Title of Nobility Amendment, Corwin Amendment, Child Labor Amendment, Equal Rights Amendment, and District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment. The first amendment discussed is the Congressional Apportionment Amendment. This amendment would strictly regulate the size of congressional districts for representationRead MoreThe Issue Of Middle Class Women Who Hire Household Help For The Expenses Of Domestic Workers1669 Words   |  7 Pagesperpetuating the regressive notion of â€Å"women’s work.† In other words, the debate is about the strong gendered division of labor where women are expected to manage child care, housework, and employment. Bowman and Cole say that the maid debate had two distinctive features. It began from the state s interest to provide tax relief for service employment, but became a debate about the morality of this domestic employment. The debate revolved around several questions regarding who would benefit, what areRead More Child Labor Essay1039 Words   |  5 Pages Child Labor nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Child Labor, refers to the economically active population under the age of fifteen years old, who are employed in various industries (Grootaert, 2). Recently, child labor has become a large topic of debate; however, in most cases, it is very unfavorable. The perception that globalization is leading towards the exploitation of children, is becoming an important problem for international business. In my opinion, child labor should be eradicated. It is notRead MoreNike: The Sweatshop Debate Essay1017 Words   |  5 PagesNike: The Sweatshop Debate Jose Tirado MGT 448 March 25, 2013 Danny Rudick Nike: The Sweatshop Debate Nike, the world’s largest and leading innovator in athletic footwear, apparel, and equipment, is considered to be the quintessential global corporation. The company was founded in 1972 by Phil Knight, a former track star from the University of Oregon. Their company logo, â€Å"Just Do It†, has become one of the most recognizable marketing phrases throughout the world as well as their celebrityRead MoreA Brief Note On The Myanmar Garment Industry Essay1693 Words   |  7 Pagesthem to improve efficiencies and compliance. The Myanmar garment also has some advantages over other regional garment producers, and authors again point to low wages (lower than everywhere except Bangladesh) and a supply of relatively well-educated labor. In the Myanmar garment sector, as present, production with CMP contracting system with reasonable reasons included with reduce taxes, easy of finance flows within the business. But today, some factories used FOB system which is common model in internationalRead MoreUnethical Business Practice: Nike1499 Words   |  6 Pagesexample, in Vietnam the workers were paid 20 cents per hour or a mere $1.60 per day but in actual the living wage in Vietnam was actually $3 per day. And neither of these governments did do anything about child labor problems or the sweatshop problems. The ethical challenges (that is the sweatshop debate) that confront the global business of Nike are as follows: On 17 October 1996, CBS News ran a 48 hour program covering the inhumane treatment of workers by their supervisors, the payment of wages belowRead MoreSex Trafficking : The Dominant Discourse Around Human Trafficking938 Words   |  4 Pagesshould be applauded for greatly improving its human trafficking laws with HB 14-1273, local victims of child sex trafficking would probably take little comfort in knowing the new bill has special provisions limiting the legal defenses their traffickers can mount while offering no such protection to labor-trafficked children. The societal focus on sex trafficking, often at the expense of labor trafficking is ideological, not logical, and certainly not based on any reliable data. According to a studyRead MoreEssay on The Immorality of Child Labor1221 Words   |  5 PagesImmorality of Child Labor Child labor is a serious moral issue. There have been many controversial debates over whether it should be legal or not. Two different viewpoints on the subject exist. Many argue that child labor is morally wrong and that the children should not work, no matter how poverty stricken their family might be. Advocates and major corporations that support child labor argue that it is good because it gives poverty-stricken families a source of income. Child labor firstRead MorePros And Cons Of Birth Control1442 Words   |  6 PagesEven though birth control issues remain as a controversial topic from the early 18th century to now, the debate between Margaret Sanger and Winter Russel on the pros and cons of providing information about birth control strategies for the public was a foundation stone for today’s family planning policies and regulation of transmission of venereal disease in the United States of America. It is important to note that although in 1920 information about birth control strategies were banned from reachingRead MoreEssay on Lack Of Human Rights In The World946 Words   |  4 Pagesmajor issues with human rights frequently involve callous human labor, cruel actions of soldiers, and debates on how the treatment of criminals should be handled. These issues however, are not just merely issues of the present but also concerns that have been with us for what seems like mankind’s entire existence. Harsh human labor has been a part of society for millenniums. Seemingly, as soon as humans could force others to do their labor for them, they took advantage of this. Thousands of examples

Essay The Effectiveness of Wittes Economic Reform in Russia

The Effectiveness of Wittes Economic Reform in Russia When Sergei Witte became minister of finance in Russia in 1892 he recognised that the economy had to be modernised if Russia was to become a world power on a par with the west. The Industrial Revolution that had taken place in the west had led to its massive economic growth and an increase in power and Empire building. Being able to buy cheap, raw materials like oil and coal from Russia fuelled part of the west’s industrial revolution. Witte decided that Russia needed state Capitalism to modernise. He borrowed capital and encouraged investment from the west and large factories began to produce heavy industry like steel. Witte imposed†¦show more content†¦Wittes economic policy seemed to be working as by 1897 the Russian currency, the Rouble, was put on the Gold Standard which gave it value in exchange with other currencies. But there were other problems that were beginning to undermine Wittes visions for a successful economy. Although a brilliant mind, Witte was not an easy man to get on with and he was not popular with the Tsarist court or the government. Change was resisted and Witte had no support for his vision of a richer, more powerful, modernised Russia. There was also conflict with the military commanders who pushed their needs for transport and military hardware to the top of the economic agenda. These conflicts interfered with Wittes plans and so by the time of the Great Trade Recession at the turn of the century, critics could identify three major weaknesses in his economic reform. Witte paid To drive his economic reform through without support or interest from the Tsarist court or the government Witte (who was German) brought in many experienced foreign industrialist and capital from the west to manage and finance his projects. This was not at all popular with the Tsar or Russia who did not trust him. Wittes industrial projects were always large and on a grand scale. He failed to nurture light engineering projects which would have helped to moderniseShow MoreRelatedStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pages75 77 79 79 80 81 86 88 89 101 102 104 107 109 Stage One: Where are we now? Strategic and marketing analysis 2 Marketing auditing and the analysis of capability 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Learning objectives Introduction Reviewing marketing effectiveness The role of SWOT analysis Competitive advantage and the value chain Conducting effective audits Summary 3 Segmental, productivity and ratio analysis 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 Learning objectives Introduction The clarification

Learn More About Inventer Thomas Elkins

Dr. Thomas Elkins, an African-American inventor, was a pharmacist and respected member of the Albany community. An abolitionist, Elkins was the secretary of the Vigilance Committee. As the 1830s drew to a close and the decade of the 1840s began, committees of citizens were formed all across the north with the intention of protecting fugitive slaves from re-enslavement. As slave catchers sought fugitives vigilance committees provided legal assistance, food, clothing, money, sometimes employment, temporary shelter and assisted fugitives in making their way toward freedom. Albany had a vigilance committee in the early 1840s and into the 1850s. Thomas Elkins - Patents and Inventions An improved  refrigerator  design was patented by Elkins on November 4, 1879. He designed the device to help people have a way of preserving perishable foods. At that time, the common way of keeping food cold was to place items in a large container and surround them with large blocks of ice. Unfortunately, the ice generally melted very quickly and the food soon perished. One unusual fact about Elkins refrigerator was that it was also designed to chill human corpses. An improved chamber commode (toilet) was patented by Elkins on January 9, 1872. Elkins commode was a combination bureau, mirror, book-rack, washstand, table, easy chair, and chamber stool. It was a very unusual piece of furniture. On February 22, 1870, Elkins invented a combined dining, ironing table, and quilting frame. The Refrigerator Elkins patent was for an insulated cabinet into which ice is placed to cool the interior. As such, it was a refrigerator only in the old sense of the term, which included non-mechanical coolers. Elkins acknowledged in his patent that, I am aware that chilling substances enclosed within a porous box or jar  by wetting its outer surface is an old and well-known process.   Unique Folding Table A patent was also issued to Elkins on February 22, 1870, for a Dining, Ironing Table and Quilting Frame Combined (No. 100,020). The table seems to be little more than a folding table. The Commode The Minoans of Crete are said to have invented a flush toilet thousands of years ago; however, there is probably no direct ancestral relationship between it and the modern one that evolved primarily in England starting in the late 16th century, when Sir John Harrington devised a flushing device for his godmother Queen Elizabeth. In 1775, Alexander Cummings patented a toilet in which some water remained after each flush, thereby suppressing odors from below. The water closet continued to evolve, and in 1885, Thomas Twyford provided us with a single-piece ceramic toilet similar to the one we know today. In 1872, a U.S. patent was issued to Elkins for a new article of chamber furniture which he designated a Chamber Commode (Patent No. 122,518). It provided a combination of a bureau, mirror, book-rack, washstand, table, easy chair, and earth-closet or chamber-stool, which might otherwise be constructed as several separate articles.

Analysis Of The Book Behind The Beautiful Forevers By...

Corruption in Poor Communities The book Behind the Beautiful Forevers by Katherine Boo, addresses the corruption of a slum in India called Annawadi. Annawadi is a small, poor area in the shadows of luxurious hotels and an airport near Mumbai. The poor community struggles to make a living and hold on to a hope of one day reaching success since India is improving economically. As India is improving economically, Annawadi seems to stay the same because of the people who abuse their power and take money from the poor. People there are being held back by the unfairness that they will not be able to have a better life. Laws are not enforced in poor communities because it causes corruption in both the establishment and in the people. There is little or no government regulation, giving power to people to make their own laws. The police have power over the people in slums by charging them unfair fees when they get arrested. There is no law saying they should be able to do that, but th ere is no government intervention to stop it. â€Å"The idea was to get terrified prisoners to pay everything they had, and everything they could secure from a money lender, to stop a false criminal charge from being recorded. Beatings, though outlawed the human rights code, were practical, as they increased the price that detainees would pay for their release†(107). People that live in the slums tend to avoid socializing with others because of the fear of beingShow MoreRelatedA Cultural Analysis Of Katherine Boo s Behind The Beautiful Forevers1728 Words   |  7 PagesEssay A Cultural Analysis of Katherine Boo’s Behind The Beautiful Forevers INTRODUCTION Culture: â€Å"the customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group† (Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary, definition 5b). In her book Behind The Beautiful Forevers, Katherine Boo examines issues of culture, integrating them into a unique, nonfiction work. Ms. Boo—an award winning journalist—uses her life experiences as well as the culture and setting of the book to influence theRead MoreBehind the Beautiful Forevers Analysis1198 Words   |  5 Pageswritings of the slums that surround the luxury hotels of Mumbai’s airport are very, very real. Katherine Boo’s book â€Å"Behind the Beautiful Forevers – Life, Death, and Hope in a Mumbai Undercity† does not attempt to solve problems or be an expert on social policy; instead, Boo provides the reader with an objective window into the battles between extremities of wealth and poverty. â€Å"Behind the Beautiful Forevers,† then, exposes the paucity and corruption prevalent within India. Boo’s story begins in AnnawadiRead MoreInvestment and Economic Moats46074 Words   |  185 PagesT LITTLE BOO K HE THAT BUILDS WEALTH The Knockout Formula for Finding Great Investments PAT DORSEY FOREWORD BY JOE MANSUETO FOUNDER, CHAIRMAN, AND CEO OF MORNINGSTAR, INC. John Wiley Sons, Inc. ffirs.indd v 2/1/08 12:55:38 PM ffirs.indd iv 2/1/08 12:55:38 PM T K H LITTLE BOO E THAT BUILDS WEALTH ffirs.indd i 2/1/08 12:55:36 PM Little Book Big Profits Series In the Little Book Big Profits series, the brightest icons in the financial

Sources of Capital Owner’s Equity Free Essays

Owner’s Equity as a Source of Capital Sources of capital come in two forms: debt and equity. Obtaining permanent capital through equity is the capital supplied by the entity’s owners. It is the owner’s share in the financing of all the assets. We will write a custom essay sample on Sources of Capital: Owner’s Equity or any similar topic only for you Order Now Richard Scott, United States accounting professor wrote, â€Å"one of the most deep-seated, and incontrovertible concepts embraced by accounting theory today is that of owner’s equity. † Through analysis of the case, we found this to be true. There are different financing costs both a company and its investors face when considering equity financing. It is strangely fascinating that often times, equity financing becomes more costly than debt financing. The analysis of opportunity for both sides of the transaction, financier and debtor, requires multiple formulas and calculations. Options for financing vary in pre-tax earnings and return on investment. For this reason, the options should be thoroughly analyzed to find the best yield for both parties, company and investor. Innovative Engineering Company was founded as a partnership, and within five years became a thriving business bringing with it both success and the need for new permanent capital. The two partners, Gale and Yeaton, estimated the capital need at $1. 2 million. Initially, the partners found interested investors, but none willing to risk their personal assets by participating in a partnership. Though incorporation is more costly and subject to numerous regulations, it provides limited liability to its investors and the ability to raise capital through bonds and stock. The partners planned to form a corporation to secure investors. Under incorporation, owner’s equity becomes stockholder’s equity. The two types of equity are purchased equity, consisting of preferred stock, common stock, and paid in capital, and that of earned equity, also referred to as retained earnings. The later represents profits earned by the company and retained in the business. Owner’s equity is shown on the balance sheet and within the statement of owner’s equity in a company’s financial statements, and is most commonly influenced by income and dividends. Four proposals were developed to attempt to meet the needs of investors in the Innovative Engineering case and the two original partners struggled to maintain ownership control. Proposal A includes a $1. million long-term loan, giving Arbor Capital Corporation 10% common stock. Proposal B includes $200,000 debt, $900,000 preferred stock, and $100,000 common stock. Proposal C includes $600,000 debt, $600,000 equity with 40% common stock. Proposal D includes $300,000 debt, $900,000 equity with 50% common stock. Calculating the impli cations of each proposal is necessary to seek further investors and find the best option for both sides of the transaction. Gale and Yeaton assumed an interest cost of debt at 8% and a dividend rate for preferred stock at 10%. They also assumed pessimistic, best guess, and optimistic variables. The applicable tax rate is 34%. The return on common shareholder’s equity earned under each of the three income assumptions is as follows: Proposal A: Debt = $1,100,000 Taxes= 34% Payment on Debt = $1,100,000(. 08) = $88,000 Common Stock = $1,000,000 Pessimistic NI – Interest Expense+ Tax Savings/Common Stock = $100,000 – 88,000+34,000 = 46,000/1,000,000 = 4. 6% Best Guess $300,000-88,000+102,000 = 314,000/1,000,000 = 31. 4% Optimistic $500,000 – 88,000+170,000 = 514,000/1,000,000 = 51. 4% Proposal B: Debt = $200,000 Payment on Debt = $200,000(. 08) = $16,000 Preferred Stock = $900,000 Dividend Payment for Preferred Stock = $900,000(. 0) = $90,000 Common Stock = $100,000 Common Shareholder’s equity = 1,000,000 Taxes = 34% Pessimistic NI-Interest Expense-Preferred Div+ Tax Savings/Common Stock $100,000-16,000-90,000+34000 = 28,000/1,000,000 = 2. 8% Best Guess $300,000-16,000-90,000+ 102,000= 296,000/1,000,000 = 29. 6% Optimistic $500,000-16,000-90,00 0+170,000 = 564,000/1,000,000 = 56. 4% Proposal C: Debt = $600,000 Payment on Debt = $48,000 Common Stock = $1,500,000 Taxes = 34% Pessimistic NI-Interest Expense+Tax Savings/Common Stock $100,000-48,000+34,000 = 86,000/1,500,000 = 5. 7% Best Guess $300,000-48,000+102,000 = 354,000/1,500,000 =23. 6% Optimistic 500,000-48,000+170,000 = 622,000/1,500,000 = 41. 47% Proposal D: Debt = $300,000 Common Stock = $1,800,000 Taxes = 34% Pessimistic NI-Debt+Tax Savings/Common Stock $100,000-24,000+34,000 = 110,000/1,800,000 = 6. 1% Best Guess $300,000-24,000+102,000 = 378000/1,800,000= 21% Optimistic $500,000-24,000+170,000 = 646,000/1,800,000 = 35. 89% From this, we see proposal D is the optimal investment strategy for Arbor Capital Corporation. The three income assumptions provide higher returns at a more constant rate than the other proposals. For Innovative Engineering Company, proposals A and B are more ideal for meeting their control needs. For a further analysis of earnings, the pre-tax earnings and return on investment are calculated as follows: Pre-Tax = 100,000 / (1-. 34) = 151,515. 15 Proposal A: Debt = $1,100,000 Common Stock = $100,000 Interest = $88,000 Dividend = $21,200 Pre-Tax Earnings = $109,200 (sum – common stock and debt) Return on Investment = 9% (pre-tax earnings / $1,200,000) Proposal B: Debt = $200,000 Preferred Stock = $900,000 Common Stock = $100,000 Interest = $16,000 Preferred Dividend =$90,000 Common Dividend =$10,000 Pre-Tax Earnings = -$64,000 Return on Investment = -5% Proposal C: Debt = $600,000 Common Stock = $600,000 Interest = $48,000 Common Dividend = $240,000 Pre-Tax Earnings = $288,000 Return on Investment = 24% Proposal D: Debt =$300,000 Common Stock = $900,000 Interest = $24,000 Common Dividend = $450,000 Pre-Tax Earnings = $474,000 Return on Investment = 40% Again, proposal D shows the most promise for Arbor Capital Corporation, with larger pre-tax earnings and a greater return on investment. Innovative Engineering Company is in a good position and has options. They should not consider proposal B. Proposal A will give them greater control over the company but comes with large debt financing and is risky. They should consider other investors and should look at options such as warrants. They should further research their options for a large loan. We have found debt financing can be cheaper than equity financing and should be considered. We are certain Innovative Engineering Company could find more attractive financing than proposal D. They should have more options, because their need is success driven versus a start-up company. From outside research we have found there is a natural definition of market efficiency relating capital stock and investment flow. Obviously, equity finance should not be used if it becomes more expensive than debt financing. The company can create value by managing these sources of capital, finding an optimal balance of both. Works Cited Anthony, R. N. , Hawkins, D. F. Merchant, K. A. (2007). Accounting Text Cases (12th ed. ). Boston: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Frieden, Roy (2010). â€Å"Asymmetric information and economics. † Physica A. Volume 389 Issue 2. Scott, Richard (1979). â€Å"Owner’s Equity, The Anachronistic Element. † The Accounting Review. Volume 4. How to cite Sources of Capital: Owner’s Equity, Essay examples

Leadership A Critical Perspective Management Functions

Question: Describe about the Leadership A Critical Perspective for Management Functions. Answer: Introduction Leadership is an important function of management that provides direction to the organization and helps in achieving organizational goals and objectives. The importance of leaders in an organization cannot be debated as it forms the backbone of any organization and all the important decisions are taken by them. Moreover, there are different leadership styles being practices by different leaders that depends on their personality and organizational objectives. However, there are certain qualities or personal traits that are inherent to leaders and distinguish the leaders from any other ordinary person (DuBois et al., 2015). This assignment, therefore, analyses some of the most important qualities that makes a successful leader. Leadership Qualities One of the most important qualities of an effective leader is communication skills. It is the responsibility of the leaders to develop strategies for the organization. However, these strategies need to be communicated to the employees for their incorporation and effective execution. Good communication skills are a perquisite of an effective leader, as they always have to work among and with people within and outside of the organization. Communication skills are important to build one on one relationship with all the stakeholders of the organization. Furthermore, important management functions such as communicating organizational objectives, motivating employees, gaining feedback and the like requires effective communication from the leaders. Therefore, it is important that leaders develop directive and assertative communication style as well as positive body language to express their ideas or perceptive effectively to the target audiences. In addition, the leaders must be able to gen erate the desired responses from the employees through strong and effective communication (Northouse, 2015). Another important characteristic that a leader must possess is the ability to motivate others. Motivation is important for employees in order to enhance job satisfaction and thereby increasing the efficiency of the human resource within the organization. Motivation plays an important role in organizational success and it is the responsibility of leaders to continually motivate and encourage their subordinates (Goethals et al., 2014). An effective leader is considered to be the one who is able to motivate employees at all times and is able to align individual objectives of employees, teams, or departments with organizational objectives. Further, in order to motivate employees leaders must be able to eliminate any job related conflict, must take quick decisions to resolve any conflict situation and treat their employees with due respect. There are many tools made available at the disposal of leaders that can be employed to motivate subordinates. The leaders must be able to identify the gap and reasons in performance and accordingly employ monetary and/or non-monetary means to motivate employees. Leaders must reward employees and gain periodic feedbacks in order to keep them motivated and to better understood their motivation needs (Avolio Yammarino, 2013). Further, honesty and trustworthiness is another important quality that a successful leader possesses. Leaders are seen as a brand ambassador for their organization and employees regard them as individuals of high professional and personal calibre. Therefore, it is important for leaders to exhibit high moral and ethical traits and set an example for the employees to follow. Leaders provide direction to the employees to achieve organizational goals. A leader that indulges in immoral or unethical business practices to achieve success and personal gains is least likely to command respect from sub-ordinates. Therefore, a leader should have superior moral calibre, values, and personal and professional integrity. An effective leader treats their subordinates with adequate respect, integrity and practices the philosophy of equity and fairness. A leader is the role model for their employees and should exude the importance of enterprise, persistence to excel, dedication and high moral standard s in all aspects of life (DuBrin, 2015). Decision making skills is another important aspect that greatly influences leaders effectiveness. Business organizations are highly dynamic and evolving entity; therefore, it is important for the leader to have a holistic view of the current issues as well as future challenges that organization would have to face. In this context, leaders must be pragmatic and analytical in their approach and must be capable enough to make difficult decisions in times of crisis. Further, no organization can succeed if their leaders do not understand the cause and effect of decisions taken by them. Foresightedness, determination and clarity of objectives plays an important role in making effective decisions and a good leader exhibits these qualities while making a decision. It is the responsibility of leaders to provide direction and guidance to the employees; therefore, it is important for leaders to take right decision at the right time. Moreover, leaders effectiveness is judged by their ability to take quick decisions when encountered with challenging problems in adverse conditions (Shapiro Stefkovich, 2016).Therefore, it can be said that decision-making is an important quality that characterizes a leader. Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be concluded that successful leaders have certain qualities and skill sets that distinguishes them from other people. Some of the traits that enable a leader to be successful are communication skills, motivation, honesty and integrity, and decision-making capabilities. A good leader exhibits assertive communication style, is always motivated, follows honesty and integrity in all walks of life and have exceptional decision-making skills. References Avolio, B. J., Yammarino, F. J. (Eds.). (2013).Transformational and charismatic leadership: The road ahead. Emerald Group Publishing. DuBois, M., Hanlon, J., Koch, J., Nyatuga, B., Kerr, N. (2015). Leadership Styles of Effective Project Managers: Techniques and Traits to Lead High Performance Teams.Journal of Economic Development, Management, IT, Finance, and Marketing,7(1), 30. DuBrin, A. J. (2015).Leadership: Research findings, practice, and skills. Nelson Education. Goethals, G., Allison, S., Kramer, R., Messick, D. (Eds.). (2014).Conceptions of leadership: Enduring ideas and emerging insights. Springer. Northouse, P. G. (2015).Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. Shapiro, J. P., Stefkovich, J. A. (2016).Ethical leadership and decision making in education: Applying theoretical perspectives to complex dilemmas. Routledge.